Biosynthetic Pathways of Hormones in Plants

Abstract

Phytohormones exhibit a wide range of chemical structures, though they primarily originate from three key metabolic precursors: amino acids, isoprenoids, and lipids. Specific amino acids, such as tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, and arginine, contribute to the production of various phytohormones, including auxins, melatonin, ethylene, salicylic acid, and polyamines. Isoprenoids are the foundation of five phytohormone categories: cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and strigolactones. Furthermore, lipids, i.e., α-linolenic acid, function as a precursor for jasmonic acid. The biosynthesis routes of these different plant hormones are intricately complex. Understanding of these processes can greatly enhance our knowledge of how these hormones regulate plant growth, development, and physiology. This review focuses on detailing the biosynthetic pathways of phytohormones.

Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis, and Subcellular Localization of DET2 Gene Family in Populus yunnanensis

“…BRs have a wide range of physiological functions, such as plant height, plant type, flowering time, plant root growth, stem elongation, leaf extension, microtubule system development, plant morphology in dark conditions, pollen tube elongation, and seed development [33][34][35]. The main signal transduction pathways of BRs have been established, and the key gene functions of these pathways have been verified in A. thaliana; the DET2 gene is a key rate-limiting gene in brassinolide biosynthesis pathway, and its effect is self-evident [36][37][38].At present, the DET2 gene has been identified in many angiosperms and gymnosperms [23,[39][40][41][42], and few studies on woody plants have been reported.…”

Physiology and biochemistry of naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam) fruit during postharvest and the main conservation strategies: A review

“…Ethylene is a gaseous plant hormone that acts as a key regulator of many physiological processes in plants including fruit ripening; the gas has an even more marked effect on climacteric fruits (Bajguz & Piotrowska-Niczyporuk, 2023). Ethylene generates a stimulus for the expression of genes related to the ripening and senescence of fruit and vegetables and, consequently, regulates these processes in fruits such as naranjilla at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels (Balaguera-López, Salamanca-Gutiérrez et al, 2014).…”

Physiological, Metabolic, and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Proliferation and Somatic Embryogenesis of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Embryogenic Callus Promoted by D-Arginine Treatment

“…Polyamine metabolism has been extensively investigated in higher plants [1,3]. Put is the central product of the polyamine synthesis pathway and the biosynthetic precursor of Spd and Spm [4,5]. It can be synthesized by arginine decarboxylase (ADC)-catalyzed reaction and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)-catalyzed reaction [6].…”

“…Spd and Spm are formed by the sequential addition of aminopropyl groups provided by decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM) to Put and Spd by spermidine synthase (SPDS) and spermine synthase (SPMS), respectively [7]. The dcSAM is formed by the decarboxylation reaction of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) through S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) [5]. The oxidation of PAs is mainly carried out by diamine oxidase (DAO) and polyamine oxidase (PAO), which produces H 2 O 2 through oxidation [8].…”