Biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and strategies to improve their Biosynthetic Efficiency

Noushahi, Hamza Armghan; Khan, Aamir Hamid; Noushahi, Usama Farhan; Hussain, Mubashar; Javed, Talha; Zafar, Maimoona; Batool, Maria; Ahmed, Umair; Harrison, Matthew T.; Saud, Shah; Fahad, Shah; Shu, Shaohua

doi:10.1007/s10725-022-00818-9

Cited by 54 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Certain plants accumulate more than one class of triterpenoid (e.g., bufadienolides and ecdysteroids in species of Helleborus : [ 69 , 70 ]). Plants biosynthesise triterpenoids through the MVA-pathway, by building them up from C 5 isopentenyl diphosphate units (from cytosolic mevalonate) to form C 30 squalene which is then cyclised to generate the characteristic four-ring steroid nucleus and side chain [ 71 , 72 ]. The different classes of plant triterpenoids are derived from cholesterol or a plant sterol (C 27 –C 30 ) which is converted in a committed step reaction to a core metabolite which will then be further metabolised via the permutation of modification reactions (oxidations, reduction, hydroxylations, conjugations and epimerisations) to generate the characteristic triterpenoid profile for that plant species at that stage of its development.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Implications For Plant/insect Interactions...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection

Dinan

Lafont

2023

Plants

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Phytoecdysteroids are a class of plant secondary compounds which are present in a wide diversity of vascular plant species, where they contribute to a reduction in invertebrate predation. Over the past 55 years, a significant body of heterogeneous literature on the presence, identities and/or quantities of ecdysteroids in plant species has accumulated, resulting in the compilation of a first database, the Ecdybase Literature Survey (ELS; 4908 entries, covering 2842 species). A second extensive database on the distribution of ecdysteroids in vascular plants is available as the Exeter Survey (ES; 4540 entries, covering 4155 species), which used standardised extraction and analysis methods to survey seeds/spores. We compare the usefulness of these two databases to provide information on the occurrence of phytoecdysteroids at the order/family levels in relation to the recent molecular classifications of gymnosperms, pteridophytes/lycophytes and angiosperms. The study, in conjunction with the other published literature, provides insights into the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in the plant world, their role in plant protection in nature and their potential future contribution to crop protection. Furthermore, it will assist future investigations in the chemotaxonomy of phytoecdysteroids and other classes of plant secondary compounds.

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Section: Discussion Of the Implications For Plant/insect Interactions...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection

Dinan

Lafont

2023

Plants

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“…Cranberry fruit is also rich in triterpenoids; they have a complex cyclic structure and exist as carboxylic acids, alcohols, or aldehydes [ 111 , 120 ]. The most important compounds in this class are ursolic acid, which has an anti-inflammatory effect and can inhibit liver and breast cancer.…”

Section: Cranberry ( V Sect Oxycoccus ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants

et al. 2023

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The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae subfamily. The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry. Several studies highlight that the consumption of Vaccinium spp. presents numerous beneficial health-related outcomes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects against diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. These plants’ prevalence and commercial value have enhanced in the past several years; thus, the generated by-products have also increased. Consequently, the identified phenolic compounds found in the discarded leaves of these plants are also presented, and their impact on health and economic value is discussed. The main bioactive compounds identified in this genus belong to anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvidin, and delphinidin), flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin), phenolic acids (gallic, p-Coumaric, cinnamic, syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), and iridoids.

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“…Furthermore, functional and identified genes from Panax endophytes could be cloned and expressed in model microorganisms by using synthetic biology methods. This approach may be supported to generate unnatural ginsenosides [ 97 ]. Importantly, the development of synthetic biology tools, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR-Cas systems, provides promising host strains with high titers of ginsenosides.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

2023

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Ginsenosides are major bioactive compounds present in the Panax species. Ginsenosides exhibit various pharmaceutical properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, hypertension, and neurodegenerative disorder activities. Although several commercial products have been presented on the market, most of the current chemical processes have an unfriendly environment and a high cost of downstream processing. Compared to plant extraction, microbial production exhibits high efficiency, high selectivity, and saves time for the manufacturing of industrial products. To reach the full potential of the pharmaceutical resource of ginsenoside, a suitable microorganism has been developed as a novel approach. In this review, cell biological mechanisms in anticancer activities and the present state of research on the production of ginsenosides are summarized. Microbial hosts, including native endophytes and engineered microbes, have been used as novel and promising approaches. Furthermore, the present challenges and perspectives of using microbial hosts to produce ginsenosides have been discussed.

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Biosynthetic pathways of triterpenoids and strategies to improve their Biosynthetic Efficiency

Cited by 54 publications

References 136 publications

The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection

The Distribution of Phytoecdysteroids among Terrestrial Vascular Plants: A Comparison of Two Databases and Discussion of the Implications for Plant/Insect Interactions and Plant Protection

Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants

Microorganisms for Ginsenosides Biosynthesis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives

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