Biotechnological methods as a tool for efficient sugar beet breeding

Abstract

Here we consider aspects of the application of biotechnological methods to rapid creation, propagation, and maintenance of plants with improved or new traits in sugar beet breeding. The results of the works carried out in these fields by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “The A.L. Mazlumov All-Russia Research Institute of Sugar Beet” are reviewed. A close association between morphological and physiological changes in in vitro cultured organs and tissues, on the one hand, and breeding traits, on the other hand, which allows the development of experimental systems for non-amphimictic plant reconstruction is shown. The influence of in vitro growth conditions on haploid cells of unfertilized sugar beet ovules in the course of obtaining doubled haploid lines with high degree of homozygosity and maintenance of valuable breeding properties is considered. As compared to common inbreeding, this method shortens the time for development of homozygous material from 10–12 to 3–5 years, which is of great importance for speeding-up the breeding process. The results of studies on the culturing of mature sugar beet zygotic embryos based on in vitro selective systems have made it possible to improve the adaptive potential of plants and to provide complex resistance to environmental stress factors. Strict selection under abiotic stress conditions allowed creation of sugar beet isogenic lines with tolerance of drought, salinity, and soil acidity. It is shown that the proposed original design of mass-scale microclonal in vitro reproduction and deposition of elite plants as components of highly productive hybrids can be used to obtain seeds of uniform high-quality breeding material. The technologies developed by biotechnological methods are a topical and innovative direction of inquiry, since the application of these techniques to sugar beet breeding will promote obtaining of competitive hybrids with a set of commercially valuable traits. The combination of biotechnology methods, including tissue culture, and traditional breeding techniques is expected to provide an opportunity to obtain a new starting material to develop domestic varieties and hybrids of new generation with heterosis effect and a wide resistance spectrum persisting across generations.

Modern issues of sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) hybrid breeding

“…The long-term field and laboratory studies conducted at VNIISS allowed developing a technology for producing sugar beet DH lines, which consists of a three-year cycle of biotechnological and breeding steps (Zhuzhzhalova et al, 2020) (Fig. 2 mono-and multigermity traits and shrub mien (seed-rich multistemmed plants).…”

Doubled Haploids: Contributions of Poland’s Academies in Recognizing the Mechanism of Gametophyte Cell Reprogramming and Their Utilization in Breeding of Agricultural and Vegetable Species

“…Heterosis can be achieved through crossing experiments to identify parental germplasm pools (Hallahan et al, 2018). Due to the biennial life cycle, allogamy, self-incompatibility, and inbreeding depression, the traditional production of inbred lines developed from heterozygous plant material requires time-consuming and labor-intensive backcrosses (Zhuzhzhalova et al, 2020). It takes at least three generations, which requires 6-7 years.…”

Production of Gynogenic Plants of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in Unpollinated Ovule Culture In Vitro

“…The first successful cultivation of female gametophytes to produce haploid and doubled haploid sugar beet plants using an in vitro unpollinated ovule culture was reported by Hosemans and Bossoutrot (1983) [30], D'Halluin and Kelmer (1986) [31], and Van Geyt et al (1987) [32]. Since then, and until now, various in vitro tissue culture techniques, genetic transformation, molecular biology techniques, in vitro selective systems (contributed to obtaining sugar beet plants with high tolerance to abiotic stresses) have been used to improve the characteristics of this crop, propagation, and conservation of valuable forms in practical breeding [33][34][35][36].…”

“…Despite a large number of experimental approaches, including those based on the creation of haploid sugar beet lines using mutant cenh3 haploid inducer lines [37], doubled haploids of sugar beet are obtained mainly using in vitro unpollinated ovule cultures. The obtained DH lines are used in breeding and seed production processes to create sugar beet hybrids in many European firms [33]. The development of this technique is being carried out in Germany [38], Sweden [39], Russia [33], Belarus [40], Serbia [41], Denmark [42], Turkey [43][44][45], Poland [46], and Iran [47].…”

“…The obtained DH lines are used in breeding and seed production processes to create sugar beet hybrids in many European firms [33]. The development of this technique is being carried out in Germany [38], Sweden [39], Russia [33], Belarus [40], Serbia [41], Denmark [42], Turkey [43][44][45], Poland [46], and Iran [47]. However, the efficiency of gynogenesis induction in sugar beet remains negligible in most scientific studies (ranging from 1% to 15%), and the efficiency of regenerant yield is 40% [39].…”