“…Other spectra attempted as references included: d-MnO 2 , synthetic manganite (c-MnOOH), groutite (a-MnOOH), synthetic feitknechtite (b-MnOOH), bixbyite ((Mn,Fe) 2 O 3 ), synthetic hausmannite (Mn 3 O 4 ), pyrolusite (b-MnO 2 , Aldrich), nsutite (c-MnO 2 , Nsuta, Ghana), and synthetic todorokite ((Na,Ca,K)(Mg,Mn)Mn 6 O 14 Á5H 2 O). Synthesis/ origin and identification of reference spectra were described in detail previously (Villalobos et al, 2003;Bargar et al, 2005). Estimated standard deviations (ESDs) for fits to Mn K-edge data were obtained by analysis of transmission spectra measured from a series of well defined mixtures of MnSO 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , and d-MnO 2 , diluted and homogenized into a LiCO 3 matrix.…”