Biotransformation of ginsenosides from Korean wild-simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) using the combination of high hydrostatic pressure, enzymatic hydrolysis, and sonication

Enzymatic upcycling of wild-simulated ginseng leaves for enhancing biological activities and compound K

“…Furthermore, the highest content of CK was observed in PecS-treated WSGL. Mok et al ( 2023 ) reported a non-significant difference in total ginsenoside content between control and PecS-treated WSG. However, the contents of minor ginsenosides (Ro, Rh1, F2, CO, Mc1, and Rg3) in PecS-treated WSG were increased compared to the control, and CK was not detected (Mok et al 2023 ).…”

“…Mok et al ( 2023 ) reported a non-significant difference in total ginsenoside content between control and PecS-treated WSG. However, the contents of minor ginsenosides (Ro, Rh1, F2, CO, Mc1, and Rg3) in PecS-treated WSG were increased compared to the control, and CK was not detected (Mok et al 2023 ). The higher contents of minor ginsenosides, including Rh1, F1, F2, and CK, in enzyme-treated WSGL than enzyme-treated red ginseng, ginseng leaves, and WSG (Kim et al 2019 ; Lee et al 2012 ; Mok et al 2023 ) may be a result of inhibition of the enzymes by fructose, glucose, and sucrose in red ginseng, ginseng leaves, and WSG (Andrades et al 2019 ).…”

“…However, the contents of minor ginsenosides (Ro, Rh1, F2, CO, Mc1, and Rg3) in PecS-treated WSG were increased compared to the control, and CK was not detected (Mok et al 2023 ). The higher contents of minor ginsenosides, including Rh1, F1, F2, and CK, in enzyme-treated WSGL than enzyme-treated red ginseng, ginseng leaves, and WSG (Kim et al 2019 ; Lee et al 2012 ; Mok et al 2023 ) may be a result of inhibition of the enzymes by fructose, glucose, and sucrose in red ginseng, ginseng leaves, and WSG (Andrades et al 2019 ). Furthermore, Vis hydrolyzed Rb1, Rc, Rd, and Re in WSGL extract to produce F1, F2, and a small amount of CK, whereas PecS hydrolyzed Rb1, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1 in WSGL extract to produce F1, F2, and CK.…”

“…Food-grade commercial enzymes, such as cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, amylase, β-glucosidase, polygalacturonase, and glucanase, which are used to break glycosidic linkages, have been employed to produce minor ginsenosides, including CK (Song et al 2017 ; Choi et al 2014 ). Mok et al ( 2023 ) showed that CK was produced at 0.03 mg/g from WSG using Pectinex Ultra SP-L (PecS) under 100 MPa pressure (Mok et al 2023 ). Park et al ( 2021 ) reported that red ginseng had a CK content of 2.47 mg/g extract after treatment with Sumizyme AC for 48 h, which increased to 14.32 mg/g after treatment with a combination of Ultimase MFC, Pyr-flo, and Rapidase for the same duration (Park et al 2021 ).…”

Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside Rd and 7 Rare Ginsenosides Using Irpex lacteus with HPLC-HRMS/MS Identification

“…Many methods, including chemical transformation, enzymatic transformation, and microbial transformation, have been successively invented. Of these methods, chemical transformation has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, but it is also limited by multiple byproducts and high environmental pollution. − Enzymatic transformation is advantageous in terms of short reaction time and high product purity, but the reaction conditions are difficult to control and the separation and purification of the enzyme are complicated. − Microbial transformation has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, strong substrate specificity, few byproducts, and environmental benign compared to other methods and is considered the most promising method for the preparation of rare ginsenosides. − Previous studies have shown that the isolated mutant filamentous fungus Paecilomyces bainier 229–7 was able to transform ginsenoside Rb1 to Rd with high selectivity and substrate tolerance . A larger number of microorganisms such as Aspergillus niger XD101, Lactobacillus rossiae DC05, Aspergillus tubingensis, and Lactobacillus paralimentarius LH4 are also discovered to have the ability to efficiently and stably transform ginsenoside Rb1 to the important pharmacologically active ginsenoside CK.…”