Biotype Composition of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations from the Southeastern, Midwestern, and Northwestern United States and Virulence to Resistance Genes in Wheat

Abstract

Twenty-three Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), populations collected in the southeastern (Alabama and Mississippi), midwestern (Indiana), and northwestern (Idaho and Washington) United States from 1995 to 1999 were evaluated for biotype composition based on response to Hessian fly resistance genes H3, H5, H6, and H7H8 in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Biotypes L and O, combined, made up at least 60% of all Alabama populations. Biotype L was predominant in the northern third of Alabama and biotype O in the southern two-thirds of the state. Based on biotype data, wheat cultivars with H7H8 resistance should be highly effective in central and southern Alabama. Fifty-four percent of the Mississippi population consisted of biotype L, and the remaining virulent biotypes (B, D, E, G, J, and O) ranged in frequency from 1 to 17%. The Mississippi population also contained 4% of the avirulent biotype GP. Only biotypes D and L were found in Indiana populations, but biotype L was predominant. Hessian fly populations from Idaho and Washington contained one or more of the virulent biotypes D-H, J, and L-O; however, only biotypes E, F, and G occurred at frequencies > 12%. The avirulent biotype GP made up 25-57% of Idaho and Washington populations, a much higher percentage than found in populations from the eastern United States. Although the highest level of virulence in Idaho and Washington populations was found to resistance genes H3 and H6, the frequency of biotype GP would indicate that the currently deployed gene H3 would provide a moderate to high level of resistance, depending on location. Nine of the populations, plus populations collected from the mid-Atlantic state area in 1989 and 1996, also were tested against the wheat cultivar 'INW9811' that carries H13 resistance to Hessian fly biotype L and two Purdue wheat lines with unidentified genes for resistance. The H13 resistance in INW9811 was highly effective against all populations tested from the eastern and northwestern U.S. wheat production areas, except Maryland and Virginia. Population studies also indicated that wheat line CI 17960-1-1-2-4-2-10 likely carries the H13 resistance gene, based on the similarity of its response and that of INW9811 to eight fly populations. Continued monitoring of biotype frequency in Hessian fly populations is required for optimal deployment and management of resistance genes in all wheat production areas.

Identification of a novel gene, H34, in wheat using recombinant inbred lines and single nucleotide polymorphism markers

“…One HFR QTL was detected on the chromosome 1A of 'Clark', designated as Qhf-hwwg-1A, and very closely linked to Xgwm33, a marker closely linked to 1A gene cluster of 15 HFR genes (Stebbins et al 1983;Roberts and Gallun 1984;Liu et al 2005aLiu et al , 2005bKong et al 2005Kong et al , 2008. This QTL is likely H6 derived from 'Caldwell' (Ratcliffe et al, 2000;Chen et al 2009) and appears to contribute a minor effect (accounting for about 10% of the phenotypic variance) to resistance to GP biotype in this study. To date, many molecular markers, including SSR, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and sequence tag sites, for HFR genes in 1AS cluster have been published (Dweikat et al 1997(Dweikat et al , 2002Liu et al 2005aLiu et al , 2005bKong et al 2005Kong et al , 2008Bouktila et al 2006).…”

“…'Clark' is a soft red winter wheat cultivar derived from 'Beau' // 'Caldwell' sib / 67137B5-16 /4/ 'Sullivan' /3/ 'Beau' // 5517B8-5-3 -3 / Logan at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Ohm et al 1988). It showed resistance to HF biotype GP and was thought to carry the H6 gene (Ratcliffe et al 2000). 'Ning7840' is a Chinese hard red facultative cultivar with the pedigree of 'Aurora' / 'Anhui 11' // 'Sumai 3', and is susceptible to HF biotype GP.…”

“…Based on their virulence to H3, H5, and H6 and a combination of H7H8 (Ratcliffe et al 1994(Ratcliffe et al , 1996(Ratcliffe et al , 1997(Ratcliffe et al , 2000, HF populations are classified into 16 biotypes designated as biotypes A to O and the Great Plains biotype (GP). Because the wheat and HF interaction is a gene-for-gene system, continuous evolution of new virulent biotypes in response to selection pressure from the HFR genes deployed in wheat cultivars can quickly overcome the single-gene resistance in a cultivar Hatchett 1997, Gould 1998).…”

Virulence and Biotype Analyses of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Populations From Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma

“…All the statistical analyses were conducted with R version 3.0.1 (http://cran.r-project.org/). Eight genes, H12, H13, H17, H18, H21, H22, H25, H26, and Hdic, were highly resistant to all three Texas Hessian ßy populations, conferring resistance in Ն80% of plants containing one of these genes to the three ßy populations (Table 1), a level considered highly effective based on historic observations (Ratcliffe et al 2000, Chen et al 2009, Cambron et al 2010. In addition, H3 or H11 conferred resistance in Ն80% of plants containing either of these genes to the Grayson-TX-FD-11 and Hill-TX-FD-11 populations.…”

“…All resistance genes except h4 are inherited as dominant traits with antibiosis effects on ßy larvae. A reliable host plant resistance strategy remains a challenge because Hessian ßy Þeld populations are dynamically changing, and the effectiveness of deployed resistance genes is relatively short lived (Ratcliffe and Hatchett 1997, Gould 1998, Ratcliffe et al 2000. Rare and uncommon biotypes virulent to speciÞc resistance genes can become prevalent owing to selection pressure after resistance genes have been deployed.…”