Biphasic reduction model for predicting the impacts of dye-bath constituents on the reduction of tris-azo dye Direct Green-1 by zero valent iron (Fe 0 )

Rescuing Fe0 remediation research from its systemic flaws

“…The research community must realize now that this misconception has created a non-precedent confusion [35,44,45,[55][56][57][58][59][60]. Over the last decade, isolated researchers [8,23,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] have corrected the mistake but the large majority is still confounding 'reduction in the presence of Fe 0 (including indirect reduction) and 'reduction by Fe 0 (direct reduction-electrons from Fe 0 ) [1][2][3]69,70].…”

“…Hundreds of articles contain expressions like 'to the best of the author's knowledge' in the introduction to rationalize the investigation of things that are known for more than one century [33][34][35]77,78]. Moreover, several authors have put various arguments forward to maintain that Fe 0 is an environmental reducing agent despite controversial views [8,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. This attitude runs the risk of derailing the project of establishing the science of Fe 0 remediation.…”

“…This opportunity can be used to address systemic flaws that have certainly threatened its development, and that were difficult to address some 10 years ago [1][2][3]. A central flaw is the long-held assumption that Fe 0 is a direct reducing agent for the chemical transformation of contaminants [4][5][6][7][8][9]. As a result, the large majority of published works is still considering Fe 0 as an environmental reducing agent [7,8,[10][11][12].…”

“…A central flaw is the long-held assumption that Fe 0 is a direct reducing agent for the chemical transformation of contaminants [4][5][6][7][8][9]. As a result, the large majority of published works is still considering Fe 0 as an environmental reducing agent [7,8,[10][11][12]. The demonstration that this assumption has been a popular fallacy is now ten years old [2].…”

“…The rationale for their reported sustainability does not seem to have been discussed yet. Based on these observations and evidences that alternative views have been constantly refuted [8,[46][47][48][49][50] or belittled [51,52]. It is fair to argue that the Fe 0 remediation research has progressed on an unsustainable path [53].…”