Bipolar disorder: recent advances and future trends in bioanalytical developments for biomarker discovery

Abstract

In this manuscript we briefly describe bipolar disorder (a depressive and manic mental disease), its classification, its effects on the patient, which sometimes include suicidal tendencies, and the drugs used for treatment. We also address the status quo with regard to diagnosis of bipolar disorder and recent advances in bioanalytical approaches for biomarker discovery. These approaches focus on blood samples (serum and plasma) and proteins as the main biomarker targets, and use various strategies for protein depletion. Strategies include use of commercially available kits or other homemade strategies and use of classical proteomics methods for protein identification based on "bottom-up" or "top-down" approaches, which used SELDI, ESI, or MALDI as sources for mass spectrometry, and up-to-date mass analyzers, for example Orbitrap. We also discuss some future objectives for treatment of this disorder and possible directions for the correct diagnosis of this still-unclear mental illness.

Systemic challenges in bipolar disorder management: A patient‐centered approach

“…Many of the proposed interventions to improve mental health care identified in Figure already exist, but from our patients’ experience are not implemented comprehensively. The current literature reports advances in development of BD biomarkers and evidence on alternative treatments such as circadian‐based therapies, vagus nerve stimulation, and omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation . New evidence is available on BD‐specific psychological interventions, psychoeducation and individualized treatmentoptimized by E‐health applications and stage‐appropriate interventions .…”

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Applied to Human Peripheral Fluids to Assess Potential Biomarkers of Schizophrenia

“…Moreover, a change in considered diagnoses is also common. Therefore, it would increase the quality of life of individuals and reduce the burden associated with psychiatric disorders, namely misdiagnosis, high rates of hospitalization, and treatment expenses, which have a massive impact on health costs [3,43,44].…”

“…Additionally, some common variables and confounding factors, such as post-mortem interval and pH range, can impact this tissue's integrity. The contribution to protein degradation, as well as medication and age, also leads to drawbacks that cannot be avoided [23,43]. More recently, the whole-body concept emerged since the integration of the brain and various physiological conditions are now known to be reflected in the contents of peripheral body fluids [23,45].…”

Human disease biomarkers: challenges, advances, and trends in their validation

“…However, fluid samples such as, blood (plasma or serum), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva are the most used in research to discover biomarkers [19]. This fact is justified by the advantages that this type of sample presents, such as, easy accessibility, avoiding the risks of invasive tissue sampling through biopsy, relatively low cost of obtaining it, and its potential for the development of diagnostic/prognostic tests on a large -scale, since biological fluids are used in routine tests [25,26]. The desirable characteristics for a biomarker depend on its application.…”