Bipolar II disorder: a review

Berk, Michael; Dodd, Seetal

doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00152.x

Cited by 103 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…It is often initially misdiagnosed as unipolar depression, adjustment disorder or personality disorder (Berk & Dodd, 2005). Many clinicians still consider BD II as a mild form of classical BD, although the data indicate that it may be associated with high morbidity and mortality, including higher episode frequency, co-morbidity, suicidal behaviour and rapid cycling as compared with BD I (Vieta et al 1997(Vieta et al , 1999.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review

et al. 2011

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Background. There is evidence that bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits and this occurs in individuals with BD type I (BD I) and with BD type II (BD II). Only a few studies have focused on cognitive impairment in BD II. The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of cognitive impairment in patients with BD II, in order to identify specific cognitive deficits that distinguish BD II from BD I patients as well as from healthy subjects.Method. We performed a systematic review of the literature of neuropsychological studies of BD II published between 1980 and July 2009. Fourteen articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in this review.Results. Main cognitive deficits found in BD II include working memory and some measures of executive functions (inhibitory control) and approximately half of the studies also detected verbal memory impairment.Conclusions. There are subtle differences between the two subtypes regarding cognition. This may suggest neurobiological differences between the two subgroups which will be helpful in order to determine cognitive endophenotypes in BD subtypes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review

et al. 2011

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“…But this conclusion is not necessarily accurate, as BDII is characterized by shorter euthymic intervals, more depressive episodes, longer time spent in a state of depression, more comorbidities and greater perceived suffering than BDI. 11,12 The fact that patients with BDI and BDII manifest different symptoms and severity suggests partly different neurobiological mechanisms and pathophysiology. Despite this, most previous studies have focused on patients with BDI or on patients with BDI and BDII combined indiscriminately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II

Abé

Ekman

Sellgren

et al. 2016

jpn

108

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IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by mood disturbances with recurrent episodes of mania, hypomania and depression interspersed by euthymic periods. The disorder is not only associated with premature death, significant disability and impaired psychosocial functioning, 1 but also with cognitive impairments. 2Summarizing previous imaging studies of patients with BD, recent meta-analyses and review articles have concluded that these patients demonstrate abnormalities primarily in frontal lobe regions, such as abnormally low volumes not only in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial and inferior frontal, orbitofrontal, ventral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, but also in the temporal and insular cortices. 3-9There are 2 established subtypes of BD: type I and type II. The subtype BDII is distinguished from BDI mainly by the absence of full-blown manic episodes. This and the generally observed lower functional impairment in patients with BDII compared with BDI 10 has led some to describe BDII as a milder form of BDI. But this conclusion is not necessarily accurate, as BDII is characterized by shorter euthymic intervals, more depressive episodes, longer time spent in a state of depression, more comorbidities and greater perceived suffering than BDI. 11,12 The fact that patients with BDI and BDII manifest different symptoms and severity suggests partly different neurobiological mechanisms and pathophysiology. Despite this, most previous studies have focused on patients with BDI or on patients with BDI and BDII combined indiscriminately. The few and small studies that have investigated patients with BDI, BDII and healthy controls suggest that the subtypes are characterized by common neurobiological alterations that are less pronounced in patients with BDII.13-15 One study reported fewer case-control differences in grey matter Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common chronic psychiatric disorder mainly characterized by episodes of mania, hypomania and depression. The disorder is associated with cognitive impairments and structural brain abnormalities, such as lower cortical volumes in primarily frontal brain regions than healthy controls. Although bipolar disorder types I (BDI) and II (BDII) exhibit different symptoms and severity, previous studies have focused on BDI. Furthermore, the most frequently investigated measure in this population is cortical volume. The aim of our study was to investigate abnormalities in patients with BDI and BDII by simultaneously analyzing cortical volume, thickness and surface area, which yields more information about disease-and symptom-related neurobiology. Methods: We used MRI to measure cortical volume, thickness and area in patients with BDI and BDII as well as in healthy controls. The large study cohort enabled us to adjust for important confounding factors. Results: We included 81 patients with BDI, 59 with BDII and 85 controls in our analyses. Cortical volume, thickness and surface area abnormalities were present ...

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“…Similarly, cyclothymic disorder can lead to pronounced interpersonal and functional difficulties [50] and can show some evidence of predicting later course of illness [38]. Bipolar II disorder, sometimes considered a "spectrum" illness, carries at least as much functional impairment and perhaps an even greater risk of suicidality compared with unipolar depression, as well as poorer response to standard antidepressant pharmacologic interventions [3]. Overall, the current body of research indicates that bipolar spectrum conditions could justify preventive measures to attempt to avert later full-blown mood episodes, and they also frequently warrant clinical intervention in their own right.…”

Section: Validity Evidence For Spectrum Definitionsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Bipolar Spectrum: Myth or Reality?

Youngstrom

Meter

Algorta

2010

Curr Psychiatry Rep

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The idea of a "bipolar spectrum" is controversial due to 1) lack of widely accepted definitions, 2) concern that spectrum definitions might subsume cases with non-bipolar disorders, 3) worry that "diagnostic creep" may lead practitioners to overdiagnose bipolar disorder in marginal cases, and 4) worry that more diagnosis of bipolar spectrum may increase aggressive pharmacotherapy. These concerns are weighed against theoretical and empiric evidence converging in support of the bipolar spectrum as having prognostic and prescriptive validity. Practitioners can use inexpensive and practical strategies to incorporate the spectrum concept into their work while minimizing risks of overdiagnosis or unnecessary medication exposure.

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Bipolar II disorder: a review

Abstract: An emerging literature on the specific clinical signature and management of the disorder exists, however, this is disproportionately small relative to the epidemiology and clinical significance of the disorder.

Cited by 103 publications

References 141 publications

Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review

Are bipolar II patients cognitively impaired? A systematic review

Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II

The Bipolar Spectrum: Myth or Reality?

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