Bird's Response to Revegetation of Different Structure and Floristics—Are “Restoration Plantings” Restoring Bird Communities?

Munro, Nicola; Fischer, Joern; Barrett, Geoff; Wood, Jeffrey; Leavesley, Adam; Lindenmayer, David B.

doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2010.00703.x

Cited by 86 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The time interval necessary for restoration sites to reach the bird species richness similar to reference sites is highly variable, and depends on the development of forest structure complexity, especially the development of understory and lower layers, as found in other systems [15,24,61]. In general, bird species richness varied among restoration sites and was lower than that of reference sites, following the same trend of vegetation structure, suggesting that the study sites are in an early stage of development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Bird assemblages can show large shifts in their composition according to the vegetation successional stage [22][23][24][25]. In accordance, descriptors related to forest structure such as vegetation height, total basal area or canopy depth can explain the richness and composition of bird species in restored sites [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The order of plot sampling was changed in each sampling day, and bird species were qualitatively recorded during surveys. So, we used the number of surveys in which a given species was recorded at each plot as a proxy for its relative abundance [24].…”

Section: Bird Survey and Functional Traitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

2018

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Abstract:Monitoring wildlife responses is essential to assess restoration projects. Birds are widely used as bioindicators of ecosystem restoration, but most studies use only taxonomic descriptors to compare categories of reference and restoring sites. Here, we used forest structure as a continuous predictor variable to evaluate avifaunal taxonomic and functional indicators in riparian forest reference and restoration sites on southeastern Brazil. Reference sites were riparian forest remnants, and restoration sites were pasture before seedling reintroduction. Forest structure variables (mean tree height, canopy depth, mean diameter at breast height, basal area, tree layering, tree density, and grass cover) were reduced into two axes using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Forest Axis 1 (tree biomass vs. grass cover) and Forest Axis 2 (canopy depth vs. tree density). Bird species were classified in relation to five functional categories (i.e., diet, foraging stratum, nest height, cavity dependence for nesting, and forest dependence). Forest Axis 1 influenced the functional diversity of bird assemblages and the relative abundance within levels of each functional category (except for nest height). The relative abundance of all functional categories combined was also affected by Forest Axis 2. Therefore, forest structure affected the predominant functional traits of bird species in riparian sites under restoration. Sites with higher tree biomass were the richest, with canopy birds that were insectivores and frugivores of high forest dependence, whereas more open sites were associated with birds of low forest dependence and ground-foraging insectivores. Forest structures of similar-aged sites were strongly variable, due to natural and anthropic disturbances, so restoration age was a poor indicator of forest development. These unpredictable disturbances can change the development of sites under restoration, so that forest structure can be a better descriptor of the trajectory of these ecosystems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

2018

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“…The composition of the assemblage composed of generalist species affected the avian fauna analysis of similarity, where the HD plots recorded a pattern that was different from NC and PR. According to Munro et al [11], the richness of the avian fauna in forest habitats actively restored by different techniques can be similar, but the faunal composition can be different, with a predominance of more generalist species in large scale plantations. On the other hand, species of forest birds are more associated with plantations that have undergone minor interventions [59,60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Bird Assemblages under Different Subtropical Forest Restoration Strategies in Brazil: Passive, Nucleation and High Diversity Plantation

Vogel

Campos

Bechara

2015

Tropical Conservation Science

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Ecological restoration encourages management for the complexity and heterogeneity of habitats, which are crucial for avian fauna structure. Two-year-old bird assemblages were evaluated based on diversity parameters of three different ecological restoration technologies applied in southern Brazil: passive restoration (PR), nucleation (NC) and high diversity plantation (HD). Richness, abundance and diversity were compared using ANOVA factorial design (three treatments x four seasons, with six samplings per season). The highest richness was observed for NC (49 ± 2.45 SD species) and the lowest richness occurred in the HD treatment (37 ± 3.14 SD species), with a similar statistical pattern for abundance and diversity (NC>PR>HD). NC responded favorably to the hypotheses of dynamic equilibrium, heterogeneity and habitat complexity, which are the probable mechanisms that influence primarily assemblage richness. Due to the presence of exclusive species for each treatment, we recommend the application of a mix of the different techniques tested to maximize the number of habitats and their interactions with birdlife.Keywords: neotropical forest, ecological restoration, avian fauna. ResumoA restauração ecológica estimula o manejo da complexidade e heterogeneidade de habitats, os quais são decisivos para a estruturação da avifauna. Foram avaliadas assembleia de aves com dois anos de idade segundo parâmetros de diversidade de três diferentes tecnologias de restauração ecológica aplicadas no sul do Brasil: restauração passiva (PR) nucleação (NC), e plantio de alta diversidade (HD). Os parâmetros de riqueza, abundância e diversidade foram comparados por meio de ANOVA em arranjo fatorial (três tratamentos x quatro estações com seis amostragens por estação). A maior riqueza observada foi constatada na NC (49 ± 2,45 espécies) e a menor riqueza ocorreu no tratamento PAD (37 ± 3,14 espécies) com um padrão estatístico semelhante para abundância e diversidade. NC respondeu favoravelmente às hipóteses do equilíbrio dinâmico, heterogeneidade e complexidade de habitats, sendo estes os prováveis mecanismos que influenciaram principalmente na riqueza da assembleia. Devido à presença de espécies exclusivas a cada um dos tratamentos, recomenda-se a aplicação conjunta das técnicas testadas para maximizar o número de habitats e suas interações com a avifauna.Palavras chave: floresta neotropical, restauração ecológica, avifauna.

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“…For instance, plots with greater plant biodiversity and more structural complexity will likely support more species than a simple mono-culture [e.g., birds (Munro et al 2011)]. In addition, the planting forms a block of vegetation that links remnant patches of native vegetation.…”

Section: The Ridgefield Multiple Ecosystem Services Experiment: a Tesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating novelty and novel ecosystems into restoration planning and practice in the 21st century

2013

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Novelty pervades the biosphere. In some cases, potentially irreversible abiotic and/or biotic changes have led to the crossing of thresholds and thus the formation of "novel ecosystems." Their widespread emergence (particularly on land) and the presence of continued environmental change challenge a traditional restoration goal of restoring an historical ecosystem. Instead, we argue that restoration could broaden its frame of reference to consider how novel ecosystems might be used to maintain global biodiversity and provide ecosystem services and, in doing so, save potentially wasted efforts in attempting to fulfil traditional goals. Here we explore this contention in more depth by addressing: Are novel ecosystems innovative planning or lowering the bar? We show that novel ecosystems were not innovative planning in their original conception. On the contrary, they were recognized as ecosystems that were recalcitrant to traditional restoration approaches, coupled with an awareness that they had arisen inadvertently through deliberate human activity, either on-or off-site. Their recalcitrance to traditional restoration suggests that alternative goals may exist for these ecosystems using sometimes innovative intervention. This management may include biodiversity conservation or restoration for ecological function. We elucidate the latter aspect with reference to an experiment in the wheatbelt of Western Australia-The Ridgefield Multiple Ecosystem Services Experiment-the design of which has been informed by ecological theory and the acceptance of novelty as an ecosystem component. Although novel ecosystems do provide opportunities to broaden restoration planning and practice, and ultimately maintain and conserve global biodiversity in this era of environmental change, they necessarily "lower the bar" in restoration if the bar is considered to be the historical ecosystem. However, in these times of flux, such a bar is increasingly untenable. Instead, careful and appropriate interventions are required at local, regional, and global scales. These interventions need to take history into account, use ecological and evolutionary theory to inform their design, and be mindful of valid concerns such as hubris. Careful interventions thus provide an opportunity for broadening restoration's framework to focus on maintaining global biodiversity and delivering ecosystem services as well as the traditional goals of restoring historical ecosystems.

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Bird's Response to Revegetation of Different Structure and Floristics—Are “Restoration Plantings” Restoring Bird Communities?

Cited by 86 publications

References 69 publications

Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

Bird Functional Traits Respond to Forest Structure in Riparian Areas Undergoing Active Restoration

Early Bird Assemblages under Different Subtropical Forest Restoration Strategies in Brazil: Passive, Nucleation and High Diversity Plantation

Incorporating novelty and novel ecosystems into restoration planning and practice in the 21st century

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