Five decades of research and practical application of computers in biomedicine has given rise to the discipline of medical informatics, which has made many advances in genomic and translational medicine possible. Developments in nanotechnology are opening up the prospects for nanomedicine and regenerative medicine where informatics and DNA computing can become the catalysts enabling health care applications at sub-molecular or atomic scales. Although nanomedicine promises a new exciting frontier for clinical practice and biomedical research, issues involving costeffectiveness studies, clinical trials and toxicity assays, drug delivery methods, and the implementation of new personalized therapies still remain challenging. Nanoinformatics can accelerate the introduction of nano-related research and applications into clinical practice, leading to an area that could be called "translational nanoinformatics." At the same time, DNA and RNA computing presents an entirely novel paradigm for computation. Nanoinformatics and DNA-based computing are together likely to completely change the way we model and process information in biomedicine and impact the emerging field of nanomedicine most strongly. In this article, we review work in nanoinformatics and DNA (and RNA)-based computing, including applications in nanopediatrics. We analyze their scientific foundations, current research and projects, envisioned applications and potential problems that might arise from them. O ver the past two decades, bioinformatics and systems biology have addressed informational challenges in biomedicine at the molecular and cellular level, leading to the sequencing of the Human Genome and other -omics projects. At a higher scale, or organismal level, medical informatics deals with patient information, whereas public health informatics focuses on their aggregation at the population level. Recently, Biomedical Informatics (BMI) has emerged to integrate the fields of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics. However, new informatics methods will be needed to deal with phenomena and research at the smallest, submolecular or atomic levels. The new discipline of Nanoinformatics aims to represent and work with information at the nano level. In this review article, we use the generic name, "Nanoinformatics," to avoid any premature overspecialization in a disciplinelike medical nanoinformatics or bionanoinformatics-that still needs to be more completely defined. We include in this review the related computational field dealing with methods and devices that process biological information by using DNA and RNA.Nanoinformatics refers to the use of informatics techniques for analyzing and processing information about the structure and physico-chemical characteristics of nanoparticles, their environments, and applications. Figure 1 schematically represents some of its relationships with related disciplines.Nanoinformatics is a newly emerging informatics area, working at the intersection between informatics (computer science and information technol...