Birth characteristics and different dimensions of intellectual performance in young males: a nationwide population‐based study

Lundgren, Ester Maria; Cnattingius, Sven; Jonsson, Björn; Tuvemo, Torsten

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02473.x

Cited by 37 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…One speculative interpretation of the birthweight results was that birthweight could be an indicator of early development of the central nervous system, which in turn could be responsible for effect on work participation. We presented no data to support this, but the interpretation has some indirect support: there is a well-documented relation between birthweight and cognitive performance in adulthood (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8) as well as in childhood (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). The effect of birthweight is not limited to low or very low weights but extends well into the normal range (2-6,9-13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Impact of life course determinants on work participation among young Norwegian men

Kristensen¹,

Bjérkedal²,

Irgens³

et al. 2009

Nor J Epidemiol

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SUMMARY Background:We have earlier found that birthweight below the mean, parental factors, and childhood disease were associated with unemployment at age 29. We reanalysed data because we wanted to examine if the association between birthweight and subsequent unemployment was mediated by intellectual performance at conscript. Methods: Through linkage between several national registers, containing personal information from birth into adult age, we established a longitudinal, population-based cohort. Study participants were all 158 026 male singletons born in Norway in 1967-1971 as registered by the Medical Birth Registry of Norway who were national residents at age 29. Study outcome was unemployment defined as a lack of personal income among persons who were not under education in the calendar year of their 29 th birthday. We computed unemployment risk in separate strata, and adjusted risk ratios and population attributable risks as measures of association and impact, respectively. Results: The association between birthweight and unemployment found earlier was mainly mediated through intellectual performance at conscript, in accordance with the study hypothesis. Birthweight, childhood disease and seven parental factors relating to income, disability, and family pattern, were independently associated with subsequent unemployment, each with population attributable risks ranging from 2% to 12%. Intellectual performance in young adult age, educational attainment, and marital status contributed substantially to the unemployment risk. Conclusion: Differentials in work participation among young men emerge in childhood. Circumstances throughout the life course contribute to the unemployment risk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Impact of life course determinants on work participation among young Norwegian men

Kristensen¹,

Bjérkedal²,

Irgens³

et al. 2009

Nor J Epidemiol

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“…Not only brain 4,5 but also longitudinal catch-up growth 68,70 has been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of subnormal intellectual and psychological performance.…”

Section: Psychological and Psychosocial Manifestations Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[65][66][67] In a large Swedish survey, scores for intellectual and psychological performance of SGA male singletons tested at conscription were found to be lower compared to males born AGA; lower scores were found more frequently in males who did not show catch-up growth compared to those who experienced improved growth. 60,68 Long-term functional outcome of full-term infants born SGA has been addressed in a study of a British cohort of children born in 1970. Adults who were born SGA experienced significant differences in academic achievement and professional attainment compared with adults born AGA.…”

Section: Psychological and Psychosocial Manifestations Of Being Born Sgamentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth hormone treatment for short stature in children born small for gestational age

Jung

Rosilio²,

Blum

et al. 2008

Adv Therapy

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Children born small for gestational age (SGA) who do not show catch-up in the first 2 years generally remain short for life. Although the majority of children born SGA are not growth hormone (GH) deficient, GH treatment is known to improve average growth in these children.Early studies using GH in children born SGA demonstrated increased height velocity, but these effects tended to be short-term with effects decreasing when GH treatment stopped. With refined GH regimens, significant effects on height have been shown, with gains of approximately 1 standard deviation score after 2 years. Studies have also shown that long-term continuous GH therapy can significantly increase final height to within the normal range. GH treatment of children born SGA does not appear to unduly affect bone age or pubertal development. Growth prediction models have been used to identify various factors involved in the response to GH therapy with age at start, treatment duration, and GH dose showing strong effects. Genetic factors such as the exon 3 deletion of the GH receptor may contribute to short stature of children born SGA and may also be involved in the responsiveness to GH treatment, but there remain other unknown genetic and/or environmental factors. No unexpected safety concerns have arisen in GH therapy trials. In particular, no long-term adverse effects have been seen for glucose metabolism, and positive effects have been shown for lipid profiles and blood pressure.GH treatment in short children born SGA has shown a beneficial, growth-promoting effect in both the short-and long-term, and has become a recognized indication in both the US and Europe. Further studies on individualized treatment regimens and long-term safety are ongoing.

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“…[3][4][5][6][7] One recent report of critical periods found a strong association between postnatal head growth at 9 months and cognitive functioning at age 9 years, but no relation between head circumference in gestation or at birth with later neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 9 years. 8 Other studies have shown that small head circumference at birth can also predict poor intellectual performance in childhood and adulthood, 9,10 although this relationship appears to depend on the particular cognitive domain. 11 Head circumference is considered the most sensitive anthropometric measure of long-term malnutrition in infancy, 12,13 with caloric deprivation shown to be directly associated with suboptimal head growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference of rural Nepali infants and children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We used a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of micronutrient supplementation on head circumference in 569 rural Nepali infants and children aged 4-17 months. Children were randomized to: (1) zinc, (2) iron-folic acid, (3) zinc plus iron-folic acid or (4) a placebo group. Data on head circumference were collected during five visits at B3 month intervals over the course of a year. We calculated change in head circumference in treatment groups receiving zinc and iron comparing the first and fifth visits as well as used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to take advantage of data from all points in time. Models were adjusted for covariates unbalanced in the randomization and for baseline head circumference. RESULTS: Estimating differences in head circumference between baseline and visit 5, children in the zinc treatment group showed smaller decreases in head circumference z-score compared with placebo (adjusted b ¼ 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03 to 0.23). Using GEE, zinc treatment was associated with 0.11 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.17) decrease in the rate of decline in head circumference z-score across visits as compared with placebo. Iron-folic acid supplementation was not associated with head circumference z-scores when comparing visits 1 with 5 or including data across all visits in adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that zinc supplementation confers a beneficial effect on the rate of head growth in Nepali infants.

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Birth characteristics and different dimensions of intellectual performance in young males: a nationwide population‐based study

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Impact of life course determinants on work participation among young Norwegian men

Impact of life course determinants on work participation among young Norwegian men

Growth hormone treatment for short stature in children born small for gestational age

Beneficial effects of zinc supplementation on head circumference of Nepalese infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial

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