Birth Weight and Adult Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Obesity in US Men

Curhan, Gary C.; Willett, Walter C.; Rimm, Eric B.; Spiegelman, Donna; Ascherio, Alberto; Stampfer, Meir J.

doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.12.3246

Cited by 830 publications

(569 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…12 This programming may have beneficial effects on short term but predispose the individual to diseases in adulthood, including obesity and insulin resistance. 11 Our findings are in line with previous studies showing associations of both low and high birth weight with an increased risk of developing overweight. [49][50][51] Recent studies have reported that this might be dependent on programming of lean body mass as well as programming of fat mass.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These adaptations predispose the individual to increased fat mass and insulin resistance postnatally. 11,12 However, studies relating these early life factors with more detailed measures of fat mass are scarce. 13 We examined the development of subcutaneous fat mass, measured by SFT, in the first 2 years of life in a population-based, prospective cohort study from early fetal life onward.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking and determinants of subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: the Generation R Study

Hokken-Koelega

Mook‐Kanamori

et al. 2008

Int J Obes

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Objectives: To examine the development and tracking of subcutaneous fat mass in the first 2 years of life and to examine which parental, fetal and postnatal characteristics are associated with subcutaneous fat mass. Design: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort study from early fetal life onward. Subcutaneous fat mass was measured by skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, suprailiacal, subscapular) at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months in 1012 children. Information about parental, fetal and postnatal growth characteristics was collected by physical and fetal ultrasound examinations and questionnaires. Results: Normal values of subcutaneous fat mass are presented. Total subcutaneous fat mass was higher in girls than in boys at the age of 24 months (P ¼ 0.01). Subjects in the lowest and highest quartiles at the age of 6 months tended to keep their position in the same quartile at the age of 24 months (odds ratios 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3, 2.7)) and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.3, 2.6), respectively). Maternal height and weight, paternal weight, fetal weight at 30 weeks, birth weight and weight at the age of 6 weeks were each inversely associated with subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 24 months after adjustment for current weight at 24 months. Conclusion: This study shows for the first time that subcutaneous fat mass tends to track in the first 2 years of life. Furthermore, the results suggest that an adverse fetal environment and growth are associated with increased subcutaneous fat mass at the age of 24 months. Further studies are needed to examine whether these associations persist in later life.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking and determinants of subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: the Generation R Study

Hokken-Koelega

Mook‐Kanamori

et al. 2008

Int J Obes

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“…People who were small at birth have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. One interpretation of this association is that an adverse intrauterine environment permanently impairs glucose homeostasis, primarily by inducing insulin resistance [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose tolerance at age 58 and the decline of glucose tolerance in comparison with age 50 in people prenatally exposed to the Dutch famine

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis: People who were small at birth have an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. People who were in utero during the Dutch famine had decreased glucose tolerance and raised insulin concentrations at age 50. We aimed to evaluate whether prenatal famine exposure leads to more rapid progression of impaired glucose/insulin homeostasis with increasing age. Methods: We performed an OGTT in 702 men and women at age 50 and in 699 men and women at age 58, all born as term singletons immediately before, during or after the 1944-1945 Dutch famine. Results: People who had been exposed to famine in utero had significantly higher 120-min glucose concentrations at age 58 compared with people who had not been exposed to famine (difference=0.4 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, adjusted for sex and BMI). Glucose tolerance deteriorated between the age of 50 and 58. The unadjusted 120-min glucose concentrations rose by 0.2 mmol/l (95% CI 0.0 to 0.4), while 120-min insulin concentrations had increased by 64 pmol/l (95% CI 48 to 82). There were no differences in the rates of glucose and insulin level increase between the famine-exposed group and the unexposed group (p=0.28 for the difference in increase in glucose concentrations and p=0.09 for insulin concentrations). Conclusions/interpretation: Although we confirmed that undernutrition during gestation is linked to decreased glucose tolerance, the effect does not seem to become more pronounced at age 58 as compared with age 50.

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“…14 Finally, increased metabolic risk is seen not only with low birth weight, but also with high birth weight. 15 Thus, although there is strong evidence that foetal nutrition impacts on metabolic homeostasis in later life, the effects of maternal/foetal and neonatal nutrition appear highly complex and far from unravelled.…”

Section: Experimental Data Regarding Foetal/neonatal Nutrition and Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Adiposity in children born small for gestational age

Tappy

2006

Int J Obes

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Epidemiological studies indicate that children born small for gestational age (SGA) have an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders as adults. This suggests that foetal undernutrition leads to permanent metabolic alterations, which predispose to metabolic abnormalities upon exposure to environmental factors such as low physical activity and/or high-energy intake in later life (thrifty phenotype hypothesis). However, this relationship is not restricted to foetal undernutrition or intrauterine growth retardation, but is also found for children born premature, or for high birth weight children. Furthermore, early post-natal nutrition, and more specifically catch-up growth, appear to modulate cardiovascular risk as well. Intrauterine growth retardation can be induced in animal models by energy/protein restriction, or ligation of uterine arteries. In such models, altered glucose homeostasis, including low beta-cell mass, low insulin secretion and insulin resistance is observed after a few weeks of age. In humans, several studies have confirmed that children born SGA have insulin resistance as adolescents and young adults. Alterations of glucose homeostasis and increased lipid oxidation can indeed be observed already in non-diabetic children born SGA at early pubertal stages. These children also have alterations of stature and changes in body composition (increased fat mass), which may contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Permanent metabolic changes induced by foetal/early neonatal nutrition (metabolic inprinting) may involve modulation of gene expression through DNA methylation, or alterations of organ structure. It is also possible that events occurring during foetal/neonatal development lead to long-lasting alterations of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis or the hypothalamo-pituitary-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis.

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Birth Weight and Adult Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Obesity in US Men

Abstract: These findings support the hypothesis that early life exposures, for which birth weight is a marker, are associated with several chronic diseases in adulthood.

Cited by 830 publications

References 18 publications

Tracking and determinants of subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: the Generation R Study

Tracking and determinants of subcutaneous fat mass in early childhood: the Generation R Study

Glucose tolerance at age 58 and the decline of glucose tolerance in comparison with age 50 in people prenatally exposed to the Dutch famine

Adiposity in children born small for gestational age

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