Bispecific antibodies revolutionizing breast cancer treatment: a comprehensive overview

Abstract

Breast cancer (BCa) is known as a complex and prevalent disease requiring the development of novel anticancer therapeutic approaches. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a favorable strategy for BCa treatment due to their unique ability to target two different antigens simultaneously. By targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on cancer cells, engaging immune effector cells, or blocking critical signaling pathways, BsAbs offer enhanced tumor specificity and immune system involvement, improving anti-cancer activity. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of BsAbs in BCa. For example, BsAbs targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have shown the ability to redirect immune cells to HER2-positive BCa cells, resulting in effective tumor cell killing. Moreover, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by BsAbs has demonstrated promising outcomes in overcoming immunosuppression and enhancing immune-mediated tumor clearance. Combining BsAbs with existing therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has also revealed synergistic effects in preclinical models and early clinical trials, emphasizing the usefulness and potential of BsAbs in BCa treatment. This review summarizes the latest evidence about BsAbs in treating BCa and the challenges and opportunities of their use in BCa.

Selective Uptake of Macromolecules to the Brain in Microfluidics and Animal Models Using the HAVN1 Peptide as a Blood-Brain Barrier Modulator

“…The SDS-PAGE gel of the labeled of mAb1, mAb2, Fab1, and Fab2 (Figure S1); illustrates schematic diagram of a 3-lane Mimeta microfluidic unit with each of the three compartments: (1)…”

“…Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been successfully used as therapeutic and diagnostic agents for patients with cancers, − autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis), − and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). − They are the fastest-growing class of drugs and represent attractive therapeutic modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Monoclonal antibodies can be designed with known targets and mechanisms of action with high specificity.…”

Targeting Neoantigens in Cancer: Possibilities and Opportunities in Breast Cancer

“…Vaccines use neoantigens peptides or nucleic acid sequences to create immunologic memory to prevent the onset of cancer [ 40 ]. Bispecific antibodies have a neoantigen binding domain and a T-cell binding domain that assists T-cells to the tumor site [ 41 ]. Notable neoantigens as potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer include TP53, survivin, PALB2, and PTPRT ( Figure 1 B–E).…”

“…These obstacles do not minimize the impact neoantigens will make on the future of cancer treatment, especially regarding the everlasting challenge of drug resistance. More specifically, researchers have developed the ability to predict changes that neoantigens will undergo throughout a patient’s treatment, which coincide with the evolution of a drug-resistant tumor [ 41 ]. Exploiting this speculative nature can enhance the efficacy of neoantigen-based therapy used independently and in concert with other forms of immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor (CART) T cells.…”