Bisphenol A and its structural analogues in household waste paper

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical produced in large volumes. Its main use is associated with polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins and thermal paper. In contrast to other applications, thermal paper contains BPA in its un-reacted form as an additive, which is subjected to migration. Receiving a significant amount of attention from the scientific community and beyond, due to its controversial endocrine-disrupting effects, the industry is attempting to substitute BPA in variety of applications. Alternative phenolic compounds have been proposed for use in thermal paper; however, information to what extent BPA alternatives have been used in paper is sparse. The aim of the present work was to quantify BPA and its alternatives (bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol E (BPE), bisphenol B (BPB), 4-cumylphenol (HPP) and bisphenol F (BPF)) in waste paper and board from Danish households, thermal paper receipts, non-carbon copy paper and conventional printer paper. BPA was found in all waste paper samples analysed, while BPS was identified in 73% of them. Only BPB was not identified in any of the samples. BPA and BPS were found in the majority of the receipts, which contained no measurable concentrations of the remaining alternatives. Although receipts showed the highest concentrations of BPA and BPS, office paper, flyers and corrugated boxes, together with receipts, represented the major flux of the two compounds in waste paper streams.

The small GTPases Ras and Rheb studied by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy: structure and function

“…cashier receipts, in which the BPA is not polymerised. This renders it more available for exposure than polymerised BPA in resins or plastics (Pivnenko et al, 2015).…”

Die Belegerteilungspflicht als Verursacher von Umwelt- und Gesundheitsgefährdungen?

“…Der Marktanteil in Österreich sollte in einem ähn-lich hohen Bereich liegen (Schmölzer 2016 (Pivnenko et al 2015). Eine 124 Proben umfassende Studie aus der Schweiz untersuchte Kassenbelege und konnte dabei weitere Substitute für BPA identifizieren.…”

“…Das belegt die Einsatzquote von Altpapier in der österreichischen Papierindustrie, die 2014 bei 47,3 % lag (Austropapier 2016 (Pivnenko et al 2015).…”

“…Ein größerer Anteil der Kassenbelege befindet sich damit im Restabfall (Pivnenko et al 2015 (Gehring et al 2004).…”

“…Diese Form von Spezialpapieren findet häufig als Kassenbeleg Verwendung (Lassen et al 2011 (Gehring et al 2004;Pivnenko et al 2015). …”