Bisphenol A (BPA) and Cardiovascular or Cardiometabolic Diseases

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. Most human exposure to BPA occurs through the consumption of BPA-contaminated foods. Cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure are the leading causes of death worldwide. Positive associations have been reported between blood or urinary BPA levels and cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases. BPA also induces disorders or dysfunctions in the tissues associated with these diseases through various cell signaling pathways. This review highlights the literature elucidating the relationship between BPA and various cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases and the potential mechanisms underlying BPA-mediated disorders or dysfunctions in tissues such as blood vessels, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, and heart that are associated with these diseases.

Bisphenol A—What Do We Know? A Global or Local Approach at the Public Health Risk Level

“…Also, some epidemiological studies confirm the association of BPA levels with the development of hypertension, cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases [ 13 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 37 , 81 ]. Unfortunately, it is widely believed that the cardiovascular system is highly susceptible to the destructive effects of BPA.…”

“…Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to be associated with estrogenicity and endocrine-disrupting properties, has adverse neuropsychiatric effects and may be involved in the formation of NETs; it may be indirectly involved in miscarriage, cardiovascular disease, especially hypertension, reduced heart rate variability, diabetes, obesity, eye disease, allergic skin reactions, respiratory irritation, acute/chronic kidney disease, and liver disease ( Figure 1 ). However, the effects of BPA depend on the dose, the sex of the patient, the tissue and developmental stage of the exposed tissue/organ, and the time of exposure [ 14 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

“…Its exposure also contributes to disorders or various dysfunctions in the tissues associated with these diseases and various cell signaling pathways [ 28 , 37 , 40 ]. Because of its properties, BPA also has the potential to affect cancer formation and impair reproductive function, including in men, through binding to androgen receptors [ 3 , 13 , 14 , 24 , 41 ].…”

“…Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a subclinical measure of atherosclerotic vascular disease, was also associated with its concentration [ 17 , 86 ]. Unfortunately, this positive relationship between hypertension and BPA has been demonstrated beyond known common risk factors such as age, gender, BMI, smoking, race/ethnicity, diabetes, and total serum cholesterol [ 37 ]. A study in US boys [ 87 ] found an association between BPA and high diastolic blood pressure.…”

“…There is a potential association of BPA levels with many diseases, including with obesity, type 2 diabetes, kidney disease (lower glomerular filtration rate), oxidative stress, lipid accumulation in the liver, non-alcoholic liver disease, the immune system (favoring asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness), frequent respiratory infection in childhood, autoimmune diseases [ 13 , 17 , 24 , 37 , 74 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. Some reports/studies confirm that high levels of BPA (10–400 mg/kg) interfere with the normal functioning of pancreatic cells, at the same time causing complications in glucose regulation [ 24 ], and are positively associated with obesity [ 68 ].…”