The optic chiasm is an important neuroanatomic landmark, in particular as it relates to the pituitary gland and endocrinologic syndromes. Pathology that affects the chiasm helps emphasize key principles of neuroanatomy. The most common visual consequence of pituitary tumors is chiasmal compression, and visual findings remain important indicators of central nervous system pathology in many patients with sellar/suprasellar lesions.In this review, I have illustrated several different clinical syndromes that ensue from pathology involving the optic chiasm and discussed the various etiologies of chiasmal pathology. In addition, I have provided several examples of the neuroimaging findings that highlight the anatomy and pathology involving the optic chiasm.I hoped to provide a logical basis for the practicing ophthalmologist in approaching chiasmal disorders.
' AnatomyThe intracranial optic nerves exit the optic canals and travel at a 30-to 45-degree angle to make up the optic chiasm. The optic chiasm is 12 to 18 mm in diameter and contains the decussation of nasal retinal nerve fibers from each of the optic nerves. 1 Inferior retinal fibers representing the superior visual field cross first, whereas macular fibers cross more posteriorly. The chiasm lies 10 mm above the sella turcica, which contains the pituitary gland (Fig. 1).The space inferior to the chiasm and above the sella is the basal cistern. Anteriorly, the chiasm is exposed to cerebrospinal fluid; posteriorly it abuts the hypothalamus and the anterior portion of the third ventricle. The anatomic position of the chiasm is described as