“…Moreover, high food adhesiveness increases the risk of pharyngeal residue, which may lead to aspiration (Inagaki et al., 2008; Nakagawa et al., 2014). Additionally, there is a decline in maximum bite force, maximum tongue pressure, and masticatory performance with increased age and various degrees of tooth loss (Ikebe et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019), and dysphagia occurs commonly with the elderly. Hence, hard and adhesive textures should be avoided for individuals with dysphagia.…”