Bivalves as Bioturbators and Bioirrigators

Effects of Aquaculture on Lakes in the Central Yangtze River Basin, China,II: Benthic Macroinvertebrates

“…; Johnson et al. ) and that the organic loading can produce a bell‐shaped response in the macroinvertebrate community (Norkko and Shumway ). Higher nutrients in water could provide a more adequate food source for the growth of macroinvertebrates than oligotrophic water (Chen et al.…”

“…The MEDIUM, HIGH, and FALLOW lakes were at a high level of nutrient loading, as indicated by higher Chl-a and total nitrogen. Past studies have shown that concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus can affect the structure of aquatic communities (Pinnegar et al 2002;Schnitzler et al 2011;Johnson et al 2013) and that the organic loading can produce a bell-shaped response in the macroinvertebrate community (Norkko and Shumway 2011). Higher nutrients in water could provide a more adequate food source for the growth of macroinvertebrates than oligotrophic water Xie et al 2007), but macroinvertebrate diversity exhibited significant negative correlations with extremely high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (Gong et al 2001;Huang et al 2013).…”

Seasonal and spatial variations of benthic oxygen and nitrogen fluxes in the Helgoland Mud Area (southern North Sea)

“…Macrofaunal induced flushing of sediments with oxygen enriched bottom waters can be expected to enhance oxygen fluxes in summer and autumn, when the oxygen penetration into the sediment decreases (Lohse et al, 1995). Especially suspension feeder such as Ensis directus should have a pronounced effect on benthic oxygen fluxes irrigating the sediment (Norkko and Shumway, 2011). For the German Bight, Forster et al (1999) estimated that bioirrigation dominantly drives benthic oxygen consumption, while a relatively small portion of oxygen is used for respiration of benthic macrofauna.…”

A review of the multiple benefits of mussel farming

“…These impacts on benthic communities due to increased organic matter can include changes in the size and structure of benthic community composition (Ferreira et al . ; Norkko & Shumway ). Benthic effects are normally restricted to swathes of seabed directly below growing lines and less than 30 m wide (Lloyd ).…”

“…). One way to avoid these impacts is through the adoption of Best Management Practices (BMP) such as selection of farming sites with appropriate depth and water flow characteristics and adoption of farm layouts that avoid excessive densities (Hargreaves ; Norkko & Shumway ). The use of bottom video/imaging surveillance and the monitoring of potential Redox and total free sulphide (S) levels in the surface sediment under mussel farms and undisturbed areas are control measures that allow the early detection of problems with sediment deterioration (Hargrave et al .…”