“…Numerous solutions have been explored, including electrochemical Liu et al (2016), Albo et al (2017), thermochemical Erb and Zarzycki (2016), Gong et al (2016), and photochemical methods (Deng et al, 2020;Deng et al, 2021;Gogoi et al, 2021;Meng et al, 2021;Zhang et al, 2021b). Among them, photocatalytic methods are promising due to the sustainability of solar light (Chen et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Xu et al, 2020b;Zhen et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2021a;Wei et al, 2021a;Zhang et al, 2021c). Specifically, photocatalytic CO 2 reduction can convert CO 2 into usable hydrocarbon fuels (Huo et al, 2021;Kang et al, 2021;Ke et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2021b;Zhang et al, 2021d).…”