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Control of heart rate through guided high-rate breathing

“…Such an interaction occurring at breathing rates exceeding the heart rate at rest, i.e. at normal breathing rate, is in agreement with suggestions from previous research 20 . However, relatively long periods of adaptation, the stochasticity of the breathing rate signal even when guided, the diffusive dynamics of heart rate, and intra-volunteer variability in the duration of synchronization episodes observed in this research show a much more complicated picture of cardio-respiratory interaction than previously reported 19–21 .…”

“…There is a significant volume of previous research related to CRS for a low breathing rate. In contrast to high-rate breathing where it is assumed 20 that CRS results from the links in the neural centres, low-rate CRS should result from peripheral coupling between cardio and respiratory neural centres 16 . The mechanism of synchronization is therefore assumed to be different depending on the breathing rate.…”

“…As suggested in work 20 , for CRS with ratio 1:1 to occur the breathing rate must be equal to or exceed the RHR. The breathing rate was chosen to be a control signal as the heart is an autonomous system and cannot be consciously controlled independently of other processes.…”

Assessment of therapeutic drug efficiency

“…In all patients, we measured the following parameters: blood pressure, HR, Kerdo index, functional alteration index (FAI), Hildebrandt index, heart rate variability (HRV), and CRS index assessed according to [7,10]. They were recorded initially, at the peak of drug action (acute probe), after 6 weeks and after 6 months in the subgroup of patients, in whom the target level of blood pressure was attained (69.6%).…”

“…The study of the dynamics of adaptation potential under the action of therapeutic drugs requires the search for novel safe methods with established interrelation between the changes in the key parameters and severity of the disease course. The optimal approach to integrative study of the regulatory and adaptive potencies of the organism exposed to the action of therapeutic drugs is based on the use of non-invasive probe of cardiorespiratory synchronicity (CRS) characterized with objective numerical indices and extensive base of medical cases thereby providing reliable assessment of disadaptation during various clinical states [4][5][6]8,11].…”