Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon from Postharvest Agricultural-Waste Burning Emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Singh, Atinderpal; Rajput, Prashant; Sharma, Deepti; Sarin, M.M.; Singh, Darshan

doi:10.1155/2014/179301

Cited by 59 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…During present study, relatively high OC/EC mass ratio (annual average = ~4) suggests the relative dominance of biomass burning emission over the vehicular emission at study region. However it was relatively low as compared to OC/EC ratio reported in earlier studies over the IGP region (Ram et al, 2012;Singh et al, 2014;Rastogi et al, 2016). This observation is attributed to difference in the size of collected samples in this study (PM <0.95 ) and other documented studies (PM 2.5 ).…”

Section: Carbonaceous Species In Size-segregated Aerosolscontrasting

confidence: 81%

Size-Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain: Year Round Temporal Behavior

Singh

Rastogi

Patel

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Size-segregated aerosol samples (PM <0.95 , PM 0.95-1.5 , PM 1.5-3.0 , PM 3.0-7.2 and PM >7.2 ) were collected over Patiala (30.33°N, 76.40°E; 250 m amsl), a semi-urban city located in northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during October, 2012 to September, 2013. These samples were analyzed for carbonaceous aerosols (organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC)) to study their temporal variation, prevailing emission source (s) and secondary formation processes. Annual average of total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration, estimated by adding the aerosol concentrations in different size ranges, was found to be 199 ± 82 µg m -3 , varying from 88-387 µg m -3 with majority of particulate mass found in submicron size (PM <0.95 ). ), respectively over an annual cycle. Highest mass fraction of OC (> 75%) and WSOC (> 80%) was observed in submicron size, suggesting that OC mainly comes from combustion and/or secondary source (s). It has been observed that almost half of OC is secondary. On the other hand, climate forcing agent EC in PM <0.95 varied from 1.1 to 9.8 µg m -3 (4.8 ± 2.2 µg m -3 ). High mass ratios of OC/EC (~1.5-7.2) and WSOC/OC (~0.33-0.68) indicate the relative dominance of biomass burning emission over the study region. Total carbonaceous aerosols account for ~10-59% of submicron particulates mass (PM <0.95 ), indicating that fine particulates are enriched with carbonaceous species. These results have implications to regional climate model development and validation.

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Section: Carbonaceous Species In Size-segregated Aerosolscontrasting

confidence: 81%

Size-Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain: Year Round Temporal Behavior

Singh

Rastogi

Patel

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…In addition, higher concentrations of levoglucosan and other biomarkers were present in emissions from this source, although no unique marker species were identified among those reported in Table 3. These data expand both the number and chemical detail of prior emissions 5 measurements of agricultural fires in the IGP (Rajput et al, 2014a;Rajput et al, 2014b;Singh et al, 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Stockwell¹,

Bhave²,

Praveen³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract.The Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE) characterized widespread and 20 under-sampled combustion sources common to South Asia, including brick kilns, garbage burning, diesel and gasoline generators, diesel groundwater pumps, idling motorcycles, traditional and modern cooking stoves and fires, crop residue burning, and a heating fire. Fuel-based emission factors (EF; with units of pollutant mass emitted per kg of fuel combusted) were determined for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, trace metals, and organic species. For the forced draught zig-zag brick 25 kiln, EF PM2.5 ranged 12-19 g kg -1 with major contributions from OC (7%), sulfate expected to be in the form of sulfuric acid (31.9%), and other chemicals not measured (e.g., particle bound water). For the clamp kiln, EF PM2.5 ranged 8-13 g kg -1 , with major contributions from OC (63.2%), sulfate (20.8%), and ammonium (14.2%). Our brick kiln EF PM2.5 values may exceed those previously reported, partly because we sampled emissions at ambient temperature after emission from the stack or kiln allowing some particle-phase OC and sulfate to form from 30 gaseous precursors. The combustion of mixed household garbage under dry conditions had an EF PM2.5 of 7.4 ± 1.2 g kg -1 , whereas damp conditions generated the highest EF PM2.5 of all combustion sources in this study, reaching up to 125 ± 23 g kg -1 . Garbage burning emissions contained relatively high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs), triphenylbenzene, and heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Sb), making these useful markers of this source. A variety of cooking stoves and fires fueled with dung, hardwood, twigs, and/or other biofuels were ), while biogas had no detectable PM emissions. Idling motorcycle emissions were evaluated before and after routine servicing at a local shop, which decreased EF PM2.5 from 8.8 ± 1.3 g kg -1 to 0.71 ± 0.45 g kg -1 when averaged across five motorcycles. Organic species analysis indicated that this reduction in PM 2.5 was largely due to a decrease in emission of motor oil, probably from the crankcase. The EF and chemical emissions profiles developed in this 10 study may be used for source apportionment and to update regional emission inventories.

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“…For the determination of b abs-k of EC, the following equation (Singh et al 2014) has been considered:…”

Section: Absorption Properties Of Brc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V denotes the volume of air-filtered during each aerosol sample collection. C and R(ATN) are two empirical factors used to correct the measured attenuation signal due to multiple scattering and shadowing effect, respectively (Singh et al 2014). In this study, R(ATN) and C value of 1 and 2.827, respectively has been adopted from the previous literatures (Weingartner et al 2003;Singh et al 2014).…”

Section: Absorption Properties Of Brc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C and R(ATN) are two empirical factors used to correct the measured attenuation signal due to multiple scattering and shadowing effect, respectively (Singh et al 2014). In this study, R(ATN) and C value of 1 and 2.827, respectively has been adopted from the previous literatures (Weingartner et al 2003;Singh et al 2014). The R(ATN) value of 1, utilized in this study for the entire calculation, has been found similar to its obtained average value (within uncertainty range) (Ram and Sarin 2009;Shen et al 2013).…”

Section: Absorption Properties Of Brc and Ecmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synergistic effect in absorption properties of brown carbon and elemental carbon over IGP during weak south-west monsoon

et al. 2017

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Recent ground-based measurements reveal that model-based observations are underestimating absorption properties and direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to carbonaceous species by a factor of 2-3 over South and East Asia. Thus, to better constraint these parameters associated with carbonaceous species, seasonal variability records through ground-based measurements are very essential. In this context, we report herein the absorption properties of water-extractable brown carbon (BrC), elemental carbon (EC), and BrC ? EC and DRF of BrC and BrC ? EC (relative to EC) over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) during a weak monsoon season [July-September 2015; influenced by El Niño and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation)]. PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter B 2.5 lm) samples (n = 31) have been assessed from central IGP location at Kanpur. Absorption coefficient at 365 nm (b abs-365 ) of BrC, EC, and BrC ? EC centers at 3.6, 8.1, and 11.4 Mm -1 , respectively. Strong linear regression correlation (R = 0.8) of b abs-365 of BrC with sea-salt and mineral dust corrected potassium (K þ BB ) indicates biomass burning as the predominant source of BrC over the region in this study. Synergistic effect in b abs of BrC ? EC (relative to that of EC) increases conspicuously (enhanced by a factor varying from 1.05 to 1.21) with an increase in wavelength from UV (365 nm) to visible region (660 nm). DRF (relative to EC) of BrC during monsoon season ranges from 3.9 to 23.8 (13.0 ± 5.0) %, whereas total DRF (BrC ? EC) ranges from 111.0 to 148.2 (126.6 ± 10.0) %. Individual contribution of BrC and EC to total DRF has been estimated as 10 and 79.5%, respectively. The remaining contribution (10.5%) to total DRF has been attributed to synergism in absorption properties (i.e., b abs ) of BrC ? EC.

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Black Carbon and Elemental Carbon from Postharvest Agricultural-Waste Burning Emissions in the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Cited by 59 publications

References 42 publications

Size-Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain: Year Round Temporal Behavior

Size-Segregated Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols over the Northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plain: Year Round Temporal Behavior

Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): Emissions of particulate matter from wood and dung cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources

Synergistic effect in absorption properties of brown carbon and elemental carbon over IGP during weak south-west monsoon

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