Black Chokeberry Aronia Melanocarpa L.—A Qualitative Composition, Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Potential

Abstract

Black chokeberry (Aronia melnocarpa) is a source of many bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. Fresh, unprocessed chokeberry fruits are rarely consumed due to their astringent taste, but they are used in the food industry for the production of juices, nectars, syrups, jams, preserves, wines, tinctures, fruit desserts, jellies, fruit teas and dietary supplements. Polyphenols are biofactors that determine the high bioactivity of chokeberries, some of the richest sources of polyphenols, which include anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids. Chokeberry fruit and products have great antioxidant and health-promoting potential as they reduce the occurrence of free radicals. This publication reviewed the scientific research regarding the phenolic compounds and the antioxidant potential of chokeberry fruits, products and isolated compounds. These findings may be crucial in future research concerning chokeberry based functional food products. Chokeberry fruits can be considered as promising component of designed food with enhanced antioxidant potential. However, like other plants and medicinal products of natural origin, black chokeberry requires extensive studies to determine its antioxidant potential, safety and mechanisms of action.

The Effect of Botanical Extracts Obtained through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on White Head Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata L.) Seedlings Grown under Controlled Conditions

“…Crucial for the formation of chlorophyll are micro-and macroelements such as K, Mg, Fe and Cu which are present in plant extracts [27]. As it was shown in the work of Sekeroglu et al [80], hypericum can serve as a source of B, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn, whereas chokeberry of the following minerals: Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and I [35,37]. Furthermore, carotenoids which are essential in photosynthesis act also as free radical scavengers and protect chlorophyll from photo-oxidative destruction [27].…”

“…Aloe Aloe vera L. Burm. f. Vitamins (A, C, E, B1, B2, B6, B9, B12), choline, enzymes (aliiase, alkaline phosphate, amylase, bradykinase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulose, lipase, peroxidase), minerals (Ca, Cr, Cu, Se, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Zn, Fe, P), sugars: monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), polysaccharides (glucomannans/polymannose), anthraquinones (aloin, emodin), fatty acids (cholesterol, campesterol, β-sisosterol, lupeol), hormones (auxins, gibberellins), amino acids (A, R, D, E, G, H, I, L, K, M, F, P, T, Y, V), proteins (lectins), salicylic acid, lignin, saponins, carbohydrates (pure mannan, acetylated mannan, cellulose, pectic substance, xylan) [32][33][34] Aronia Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliott Carbohydrate (glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol), dietary fibre (pectins), fat, proteins, organic acids (l-malic acid, citric acid, isocitric acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), vitamins (C, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, E, K), minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, I), phytochemicals (carotenoids: β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin; phenols; amygdalin), nitrate, nitrite [35][36][37] Red beet Beta vulgaris L. subs. vulgaris Nitrate, phenolics (flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenolic amides), vitamins (A, B), carotenoids, betalains (betacyanins: betanin, isobetanin; betaxanthins: vulgaxanthin I, vulgaxanthin II, indicaxanthin), minerals (Mg, Na, K, P, Ca), sugars, proteins, fibre [38][39][40] Horsetail Equisetum arvense L.…”

Influence of Ripening Stage and Cultivar on Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Compositions of Aronia Grown in South Korea

“…Thus, the chlorogenic acid content showed a similar pattern to the catechol content. Sidor and Gramza-Michałowska [26] reported that Chokeberries mostly contain chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids. Other phenolic acids are cryptochlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid and its derivatives, caffeic acid and its derivatives, protocatechuic, vanillic, ferulic, salicylic, syringic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and ellagic acids.…”

Estimation of the Chelating Ability of an Extract from Aronia melanocarpa L. Berries and Its Main Polyphenolic Ingredients Towards Ions of Zinc and Copper

“…According to the producer's declaration, the extract also contained sugar, sugar alcohols (sorbitol, parasorboside), triterpenes, phytosterols, carotenoids, minerals, and vitamins. Moreover, vitamins from group B (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 5 , and B 6 ), vitamins C, E, and K, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, dietary fiber, tannins, organic acids (l-malic acid, citric acid), carbohydrates, proteins, as well as calcium, magnesium, and iron [1,9] are present in chokeberries. The concentration of Cd in the 0.1% AE was <0.05 µg/L [10].…”

“…It seems reasonable that, among plants abundant in polyphenols, special attention should be paid to Aronia melanocarpa L. (Rosaceae), the berries of which (chokeberries) are one of the richest sources of these compounds [1,2,4,9]. Chokeberries have proven beneficial impact on health and thus they are widely recommended as functional food [1][2][3]5].…”