“…33 After the mid-2000s, a growing number of scholars offered accounts of French citizenship as a form of Whiteness, rejecting the dominant raceblind universalist ideology of the republic. This turn could have been due to a variety of factors, including well-known social movements such as the so-called "race riots" of 2005, during which minority youth protested racism, exclusion, and a lack of opportunities, but it could also have been due to the broader recognition of the "racial question," in particular the "Black condition," among activists, 34 scholars, and civil society following a number of legal and political controversies. 35 Particularly salient were the debates on colonialism and slavery that prompted and accompanied the passage of a couple of memory laws.…”