Black Liquor-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration

Consonni, Stefano; Larson, Eric; Berglin, Niklas

doi:10.1115/97-gt-273

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This was also true where the system did not contain H 2 , as shown in Figure 32. However, when H 2 concentration increased from 0.3% to 2%, an N radical was produced from an NH radical through Reaction (14), and the reduction of NO with N radical by Reaction (15) contrarily increased against H 2 concentration.…”

Section: (2) Effects Of H 2 Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy resources and geographical conditions of each country, along with the diversification of fuels used for the electric power industry (such as biomass, poor quality coal and residual oil), are most significant issues for IGCC gas turbine development, as has been previously described: The development of biomass-fueled gasification received considerable attention in the United States and northern Europe in the early 1980s [37], and the prospects for commercialization technology [14] appear considerably improved at present. Paisley and Anson [38] performed a comprehensive economical evaluation of the Battele biomass gasification process, which utilizes a hot-gas conditioning catalyst for dry synthetic gas cleanup.…”

Section: Progress In Igcc Developments Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile the NH radical produced by the Reaction (5) is almost decomposed into N radical by the Reactions (14) and (25); the rest is decomposed into N 2 by the Reaction (13). The N radical produced through the Reactions (5) and (24), tends to reduce NO to N 2 by the foregoing Reaction (15), while the N radical is oxidized into NO by the foregoing Reactions (26) and (27), in the fuel-lean conditions.…”

Section: O2 Ex % P Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Turbine Combustion and Ammonia Removal Technology of Gasified Fuels

Hasegawa

2010

Energies

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From the viewpoints of securing a stable supply of energy and protecting our global environment in the future, the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation of various gasifying methods has been introduced in the world. Gasified fuels are chiefly characterized by the gasifying agents and the synthetic gas cleanup methods and can be divided into four types. The calorific value of the gasified fuel varies according to the gasifying agents and feedstocks of various resources, and ammonia originating from nitrogenous compounds in the feedstocks depends on the synthetic gas clean-up methods. In particular, air-blown gasified fuels provide low calorific fuel of 4 MJ/m 3 and it is necessary to stabilize combustion. In contrast, the flame temperature of oxygen-blown gasified fuel of medium calorie between approximately 9-13 MJ/m 3 is much higher, so control of thermal-NOx emissions is necessary. Moreover, to improve the thermal efficiency of IGCC, hot/dry type synthetic gas clean-up is needed. However, ammonia in the fuel is not removed and is supplied into the gas turbine where fuel-NOx is formed in the combustor. For these reasons, suitable combustion technology for each gasified fuel is important. This paper outlines combustion technologies and combustor designs of the high temperature gas turbine for various IGCCs. Additionally, this paper confirms that further decreases in fuel-NOx emissions can be achieved by removing ammonia from gasified fuels through the application of selective, non-catalytic denitration. From these basic considerations, the performance of specifically designed combustors for each IGCC proved the proposed methods to be sufficiently effective. The combustors were able to achieve strong results, decreasing thermal-NOx emissions to 10 ppm (corrected at 16% oxygen) or less, and fuel-NOx emissions by 60% or more, under conditions where ammonia concentration per fuel heating value in unit volume was 2.4 × 10 2 ppm/(MJ/m 3 ) or higher. Average equivalence ratio at combustor exhaust φ p Average equivalence ratio in primary combustion zone ΔP/q Total pressure loss coefficient (characteristic section is combustor-exit) OPEN ACCESS

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Section: (2) Effects Of H 2 Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Progress In Igcc Developments Worldwidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: O2 Ex % P Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Turbine Combustion and Ammonia Removal Technology of Gasified Fuels

Hasegawa

2010

Energies

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“…Figure 86 shows, for the MA biorefinery with alcohols sold separately, the IRR relative to an investment in a new Tomlinson system. With "Our Capital Cost Estimate" and the REP scenario, the incremental investment of $260 million 52 gives an IRR of 31%. The NPV is $203 million.…”

Section: Ma Sold As Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of concepts for black liquor gasification have been proposed in the past [52]. Our earlier assessment of black liquor gasification combined cycle (BLGCC) systems included detailed analysis of two black liquor gasifiers that have been the focus of sustained commercialization efforts.…”

Section: Choice Of Black Liquor Gasification Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cost-Benefit Assessment of Gasification-Based Biorefining in the Kraft Pulp and Paper Industry

Larson¹,

Consonni²,

Katofsky³

et al. 2007

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Production of liquid fuels and chemicals via gasification of kraft black liquor and woody residues ("biorefining") has the potential to provide significant economic returns for kraft pulp and paper mills replacing Tomlinson boilers beginning in the 2010-2015 timeframe. Commercialization of gasification technologies is anticipated in this period, and synthesis gas from gasifiers can be converted into liquid fuels using catalytic synthesis technologies that are in most cases already commercially established today in the "gas-to-liquids" industry.These conclusions are supported by detailed analysis carried out in a two-year project co-funded by the American Forest and Paper Association and the Biomass Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. This work assessed the energy, environment, and economic costs and benefits of biorefineries at kraft pulp and paper mills in the United States. Seven detailed biorefinery process designs were developed for a reference freesheet pulp/paper mill in the Southeastern U.S., together with the associated mass/energy balances, air emissions estimates, and capital investment requirements. Commercial ("Nth") plant levels of technology performance and cost were assumed. The biorefineries provide chemical recovery services and co-produce process steam for the mill, some electricity, and one of three liquid fuels: a Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude oil (which would be refined to vehicle fuels at existing petroleum refineries), dimethyl ether (a diesel engine fuel or LPG substitute), or an ethanol-rich mixed-alcohol product.Compared to installing a new Tomlinson power/recovery system, a biorefinery would require larger capital investment. However, because the biorefinery would have higher energy efficiencies, lower air emissions, and a more diverse product slate (including transportation fuel), the internal rates of return (IRR) on the incremental capital investments would be attractive under many circumstances. For nearly all of the cases examined in the study, the IRR lies between 14% and 18%, assuming a 25-year levelized world oil price of $50/bbl -the US Department of Energy's 2006 reference oil price projection. The IRRs would rise to as high as 35% if positive incremental environmental benefits associated with biorefinery products are monetized (e.g., if an excise tax credit for the liquid fuel is available comparable to the one that exists for ethanol in the United States today). Moreover, if future crude oil prices are higher ($78/bbl levelized price, the US Department of Energy's 2006 high oil price scenario projection, representing an extrapolation of mid-2006 price levels), the calculated IRR exceeds 45% in some cases when environmental attributes are also monetized.In addition to the economic benefits to kraft pulp/paper producers, biorefineries widely implemented at pulp mills in the U.S. would result in nationally-significant liquid fuel production levels, petroleum savings, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, and criteria-pollutant reductions. These are quantified in...

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Impacts of co‐location, co‐production, and process energy source on life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of lignocellulosic ethanol

McKechnie

Zhang

Ogino

et al. 2011

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The performance of lignocellulosic ethanol in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil energy use when substituting for gasoline depends on production technologies and system decisions, many of which have not been considered in life cycle studies. We investigate ethanol production from short rotation forestry feedstock via an uncatalyzed steam explosion pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis process developed by Mascoma Canada, Inc., and examine a set of production system decisions (co-location, co-production, and process energy options) in terms of their infl uence on life cycle emissions and energy consumption. All production options are found to reduce emissions and petroleum use relative to gasoline on a well-to-wheel (WTW) basis; GHG reductions vary by production 280 J McKechnie et al.Modeling and Analysis: Production system decisions for lignocellulosic ethanol scenario. Land-use-change effects are not included due to a lack of applicable data on short rotation forestry feedstock. Ethanol production with wood pellet co-product, displacing coal in electricity generation, performs best amongst co-products in terms of GHG mitigation (−109% relative to gasoline, WTW basis). Maximizing pellet output, although requiring import of predominately fossil-based process energy, improves overall GHG-mitigation performance (−130% relative to gasoline, WTW). Similarly, lower ethanol yields result in greater GHG reductions because of increased co-product output. Co-locating ethanol production with facilities exporting excess steam and biomassbased electricity (e.g. pulp mills) achieves the greatest GHG mitigation (−174% relative to gasoline, WTW) by maximizing pellet output and utilizing low-GHG process energy. By exploiting co-location opportunities and strategically selecting co-products, lignocellulosic ethanol can provide large emission reductions, particularly if based upon sustainably grown, high yield, low input feedstocks. petroleum use is dependent on activities throughout the life cycle of bioenergy production and use; 6 therefore, significant variation can be expected among diff erent production processes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been employed to evaluate lignocellulosic ethanol pathways. Th e majority of LCAs have examined the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) biochemical conversion process, which utilizes dilute acid pre-treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. 7-9 To a lesser extent, LCAs have examined the Iogen process, which consists of sulfuric acid-catalyzed steam explosion pre-treatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, 10, 11 the Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) process developed at Michigan State University, 12 and consolidated bioprocessing. 13 Th e current study examines, for the fi rst time, the production of lignocellulosic ethanol via uncatalyzed steam explosion pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis from a life cycle perspective. Beyond technology choices, other production decisions can impact the life cycle attributes of lignocellulosic ethanol.Most existing studie...

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Black Liquor-Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Gas Turbine Combustion and Ammonia Removal Technology of Gasified Fuels

Gas Turbine Combustion and Ammonia Removal Technology of Gasified Fuels

A Cost-Benefit Assessment of Gasification-Based Biorefining in the Kraft Pulp and Paper Industry

Impacts of co‐location, co‐production, and process energy source on life cycle energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of lignocellulosic ethanol

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