Black market exchange rate, currency substitution and the demand for money in LDCs

United States‐china Trade at the Commodity Level and the Yuan‐dollar Exchange Rate

“…The same is true in the import‐value models in Table 5 where the largest importing industry with 19% of the market share, that is, miscellaneous manufactured articles and leather, and the smallest industry with 0.01% market share both react favorably to real depreciation of the dollar. These results are similar to those of Bahmani‐Oskooee and Ardalani (2006) who analyzed trade by 66 industries between United States and the rest of the world 8…”

“…Indeed, from Table 3 we gather that the EC t −1 carries its expected negative and significant coefficient in almost all cases, supporting our assumption of treating the export and import values as endogenous and other variables as exogenous. To determine the endogeneity of other variables, especially the real bilateral exchange rate, following Bahmani‐Oskooee and Tanku (2006) we switched the dependent variable in both models with ΔLog ( P US E / P C ) and carried out the entire analysis again. Again, in these models the lagged error‐correction term was negative and significant in majority of the cases, implying that there are feedback effects among the variables which could make our estimates somewhat biased.…”

The Black-Market Exchange Rate Versus the Official Rate: Which Rate Fosters the Adjustment Speed in the Monetarist Model?

“…We are now in a position to estimate error‐correction models (6) and (7). Since the F test results are said to be sensitive to the order of lags imposed on the first‐differenced variables, following Bahmani‐Oskooee and Tanku (2006) we minimize the Akaike information criterion with a maximum of eight lags. Two variants of each model are to be estimated: one in which we use the official exchange rate, and the other in which we use the black‐market rate.…”

The Law Analyze and Background of the Development of the Albanian and Kosovo Economy

“…In the first chapter is provided an overview of economic development and the aspirations of our country to become part of the European Union. (Bahmani Oskooee, M., Tanku A., 2006) In the second chapter is given an abbreviated description of theories on exchange rate and the impact that has it in the evaluation of local currency, inflation and the performance of the main factors that determine the exchange rate and inflation. In the third chapter will be an empirical and econometric analysis of the relationship between exchange rates and inflation, and also analysis of probabilistic methods used in Albania for measuring inflation.…”

“…The lack of clear plans for staff training (or funds) staff faced different difficulties during labor processes, in managing people or dealing with market competition. (Bahmani Oskooee, M., Tanku A., 2006) So, it set up a special department that deals with labor force or human capital differently, called the human resources department. Department of Human Resources in Western countries and especially in the US (where there was born) has moved forward by aiming to become the first country where business leaders will go for advice.…”