Black Seed Oil-induced Amelioration of Renal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis

Abstract

Periodontitis can exacerbate and promote the progression of chronic kidney disease through direct or indirect processes such as the impact of periodontal pathogens, antigens, endotoxins, and chronic inflammatory load produced by released cytokines. [11][12][13][14][15] When the pancreas fails to create enough insulin or when the body has difficulties utilizing the insulin that is produced, diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic illness, can arise. Insulin is the hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycemia, a symptom of this metabolic and endocrine condition, results from either inadequate insulin synthesis by the pancreas (DM type 1) or incorrect insulin response by the pancreas (DM type 2), and it is defined by elevated blood glucose levels. 16,17 Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a condition that has serious side effects. It is a significant global cause of disease and mortality. According to statistics, 2.8% of people worldwide have diabetes, and by 2025, that number is expected to rise to more than 5.4%. 18 Oxidative stress, cardiac problems, renal failure, neuro-degeneration, and immunological dysfunction are all caused by oxidative stress, which is directly linked to the formation of free radicals in diabetes mellitus. 19 Strong evidence exists to back up the idea that diabetes and periodontitis are interdependent, with diabetes increasing the likelihood of developing periodontitis and periodontal inflammation negatively impacting glycemic control. 20,21 Diabetes individuals experience periodontitis three times more frequently than non-diabetics do. 22 Diabetes and periodontitis have both been linked to kidney damage. 15,23 A serious socioeconomic and healthcare issue, kidney dysfunction, particularly Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), affects almost 7 billion people globally. In the world, 8724 out of every 100,000 individuals have kidney disease, an amount that is ten times greater than cancer patients and surpasses diabetes by 80%; it