Bladder cancer: Epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis

Kirkali, Ziya; Chan, Theresa; Manoharan, Murugesan; Algaba, Ferrán; Busch, Christer; Liu, Cheng; Kiemeney, Lambertus A.; Kriegmair, M.; Montironi, Rodolfo; Murphy, William M.; Sesterhenn, Isabell A.; Tachibana, Masaaki; Weider, Jeff

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.062

Cited by 911 publications

(668 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…Eighty-four percent of cases were high-grade TCCa, and 81% of cases reported ever smoking (Table II). Of the 76 TCCa tissues tested by quantitative PCR (QPCR), 73 amplified at least 3,000 copies of ERV-3 (range, 3,474; mean, 62,960), of which 4 tested positive for BKV (5.5%) (Table III). Mean BKV copy numbers for those 4 tumor tissues were 7.9, 15.8, 0.4 and 0.3 per 1,000 cells (Table IV).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Established risk factors for bladder cancer include male sex, smoking, occupational exposures to aryl amines, ionizing radiation, and cyclophosphamide use. 2,3 Genetic factors such as polymorphisms in the detoxifying enzymes N-acetyltransferase 2 and glutathione S-transferase mu 1 may modify the risk of bladder cancer associated with environmental exposures. 4,5 Some infections, including Schistosoma hematobium 6 and frequent urinary tract infections, 7 have been associated with bladder cancer, although findings for the latter association are not consistent across studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Lack of BK virus DNA sequences in most transitional‐cell carcinomas of the bladder

Rollison¹,

Sexton²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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BK virus (BKV), a common human polyomavirus infection latent in the kidneys, can reactivate with immunosuppression to cause renal disease. Some have suggested that BKV may contribute to the development of bladder cancer, and BKV sequences have been reported from bladder tumors. To further examine the role of BKV in human bladder cancer, a series of bladder tumors was investigated for BKV genomic sequences. Fresh‐frozen specimens from 76 transitional cell carcinoma tissues and 46 paired adjacent normal urothelial tissues archived at the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center were studied. All tissues were histopathologically reviewed. DNA extracted from the tissues was tested by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assays to detect BKV DNA sequences in the VP1 coding region. Amplification of ERV‐3 was conducted separately to quantify cell copy number. Conventional PCR targeting the BKV T‐antigen (T‐Ag) coding region and immunohistochemistry for BKV T‐Ag were also conducted on all tissues that tested positive for BKV by QPCR. Seventy‐three bladder tumors yielded ≥3,000 copies of ERV‐3, 4 (5.5%) of which tested positive for BKV with average copy numbers of 7.9, 15.8, 0.4 and 0.3 per 1,000 cells. Paired normal tissue was available for 2 of these BKV‐positive tumors, 1 of which was BKV‐positive (14.6 copies/1,000 cells). No other normal tissues were BKV‐positive by QPCR. The 6 BKV‐positive tissues by QPCR were also positive by conventional PCR, but all stained negative for BKV T‐Ag by immunohistochemistry. BKV is unlikely to be involved in the etiology of most bladder tumors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of BK virus DNA sequences in most transitional‐cell carcinomas of the bladder

Rollison¹,

Sexton²,

Rodríguez³

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…It has been suggested that random biopsy samples be obtained from predetermined sites in four quadrants of the urinary bladder. 121 Some urologists also submit biopsy specimens of the urethra to assess the extent of disease.…”

Section: Biopsy and Tur Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

et al. 2009

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“…For the entire set of 804 tumors (ie, both non-muscle invasive and muscleinvasive tumors), the tumor grade distribution was 132 low grade and 672 high grade, according to standard criteria. 28 Out of the set of tumors recruited for assessing KISS1 methylation, follow-up data were available for 205 patients: 183 men and 22 women, with a median age of 65 years (range, 25 to 81 years). The tumor stage distribution was 91 pT1, 65 pT2, 33 pT3, and 16 pT4.…”

Section: Tumor Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

KISS1 Methylation and Expression as Tumor Stratification Biomarkers and Clinical Outcome Prognosticators for Bladder Cancer Patients

Cebrián

Fierro

Orenes‐Piñero

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Pathology

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KISS1 is a metastasis suppressor gene that is lost in several malignancies, including bladder cancer. We tested the epigenetic silencing hypothesis and evaluated the biological influence of KISS1 methylation on its expression and clinical relevance in bladder cancer. KISS1 hypermethylation was frequent in bladder cancer cells analyzed by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing and was associated with low gene expression, being restored in vitro by demethylating azacytidine. Hypermethylation was also frequently observed in a large series of bladder tumors (83.1%, n ‫؍‬ 804). KISS1 methylation was associated with increasing stage (P ‫؍‬ 0.001) and tumor grade (P ‫؍‬ 0.010). KISS1 methylation was associated with low KISS1 transcript expression by quantitative RT-PCR (P ‫؍‬ 0.037). KISS1 transcript expression was also associated with histopathological tumor stage (P < 0.0005). Low transcript expression alone (P ‫؍‬ 0.003) or combined with methylation (P ‫؍‬ 0.019) was associated with poor disease-specific survival (n ‫؍‬ 205).KISS1 transcript expression remained an independent prognosticator in multivariate analyses (P ‫؍‬ 0.017). KISS1 hypermethylation was identified in bladder cancer, providing a potential mechanistic explanation (epigenetic silencing) for the observed loss of KISS1 in uroepithelial malignancies. Associations of KISS1 methylation and its expression with histopathological variables and poor survival suggest the utility of incorporating KISS1 measurement using paraffin-embedded material for tumor stratification and clinical outcome prognosis of patients with uroepithelial neoplasias.

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Bladder cancer: Epidemiology, staging and grading, and diagnosis

Cited by 911 publications

References 169 publications

Lack of BK virus DNA sequences in most transitional‐cell carcinomas of the bladder

Lack of BK virus DNA sequences in most transitional‐cell carcinomas of the bladder

Staging and reporting of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder

KISS1 Methylation and Expression as Tumor Stratification Biomarkers and Clinical Outcome Prognosticators for Bladder Cancer Patients

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