“…as dependent variables were generally related to advance computer programming (e.g., C++), Scratch and robot programming in programming tools. The studies in literature that especially used CT skills as a variable were generally related to Scratch and robot programming in programming tools (Berland & Wilensky, 2015;Jaipal-Jamani & Angeli, 2017;Krugel & Hubwieser, 2017;Malizia, Turchi, & Olsen, 2017). This may be because in past and present studies, CT skills have been historically associated with programming skills (Calao, Moreno-León, Correa, & Robles, 2015).…”