Blockchain Enabled Decentralized Local Electricity Markets With Flexibility From Heating Sources

Abstract

sumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). d matched n,t Matched electricity demand of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). d ts n,t Heating power charged to the thermal energy storage of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). d unmatched n,t Unmatched electricity demand of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). id i Address of the account of the seller i. id j Address of the account of the buyer j. p i Amount of the supplied electricity of the seller i (kW). p j Amount of the electricity demand of the buyer j (kW). p p2p n,m,t power exchange between the prosumer n and prosumer m at the scheduling time t (kW). p matched n,t Matched electricity supply of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). p p2r n,t Power export from the prosumer n to a retailer at the scheduling time t (kW). p r2p n,t Power import from a retailer to the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). p unmatched n,t Unmatched electricity supply of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). q hp n,t Heating power supplied by the heat pump of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). q ts n,t Heating power discharged from the thermal energy storage of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kW). s ts n,t Stored thermal energy of the prosumer n at the scheduling time t (kWh). t i Start time of the supplied electricity of the seller i. t j Start time of the electricity demand of the buyer j.

Robust Vehicle-to-Grid Energy Trading Method Based on Smart Forecast and Multi-Blockchain Network

“…Hua et al [42] designed a novel blockchain-based peer-topeer trading architecture that integrates negotiation-based auction and pricing mechanisms in local electricity markets through automating, standardizing, and self-enforcing trading procedures by intelligent contracts. To analyze the balance between decentralization and platform performance in the controllable scenario of a smart grid, a fair and efficient main/side chain framework was introduced in the work [43] by exploring the scalability of blockchain.…”

Development of a Multi- Community Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Mechanism

“…Furthermore, the generation of peer n in the community k at time t is denoted by [kW]. The instantaneous overlapping of consumption and generation of peer n in community k at time t is denoted by: Air-source heat pumps have been considered as the Flexible Load (FL) [13]. They enable prosumers and also Energy Storage Systems to provide flexibility and exchange electricity with suppliers or other prosumers in response to P2P electricity trading prices.…”

“…[kW] represents flexible load's consumption of the nth peer in community k at time t. Details regarding the formulation of the Flexible Load can be found in [13].…”

Blockchain-Based Water-Energy Transactive Management With Spatial-Temporal Uncertainties

“…Yang and Wang [36] create a blockchain-based energy trading model to attain socially optimal solutions with ensured safety, and test the model with a prototype blockchain system implemented on a hardware platform. Hua et al [37] design a blockchain-based P2P scheme that integrates negotiation-oriented auctions and pricing mechanisms in local energy markets. A Stackelberg cooperative game model is developed to aggregate energy retailers and prosumers.…”

“…A discrepancy-based ambiguity set is defined as (36) containing distribution close to the empirical distribution ℙ , where ℙ ℙ is the distributional distance; is the radius of the ambiguity set. The empirical distribution ℙ is given as (37), where represents the historical observations; represents the Dirac distribution; i is the index among the N historical samples.…”