Blockchain in humanitarian operations management: A review of research and practice

Sustainable development-oriented location-transportation integrated optimization problem regarding multi-period multi-type disaster medical waste during COVID-19 pandemic

“…Fifthly, some promising digital technologies including blockchain, big data, digital twin, artificial intelligence have been proved to be effective to cope with uncertainties in the amounts of disaster medical waste and infection risks through the data-driven optimization models, thus accurately combating COVID-19 pandemic from a global standpoint (Ahmad et al, 2021 ; Hunt et al, 2022 ; Marić et al, 2021 ).…”

Blockchain as the “trust-building machine” for supply chain management

“…Since a trustee organization executes the trusted blockchain with the improved capability of fulfilling obligations, and fewer chances of hacking or fraud, a trustor party may bestow a higher level of trust to such a system operator (Surjandari et al, 2021 ). For instance, Hunt et al ( 2021 ) and Shahid et al ( 2020 ) demonstrated the utilization of a blockchain-based reputation system or a peer-rating system that trace the interaction of participants within the supply chain network and actively compute reputation scores for each of them. The calculated score then reflects an organization’s capability to complete the desired obligation.…”

“…From the six blockchain papers that discussed it, swift trust was found to be developed in the humanitarian supply chain where multiple aid agencies, emergency responders, and commercial organizations worked together to complete the specific, time-limited tasks of providing relief aid and minimizing suffering and death to those people affected by disasters (e.g., Dubey et al, 2020b ; Hunt et al, 2021 ; Khan et al, 2021 ).…”

“…For instance, Khan et al ( 2021 ) found that transparency mediates the relationship between blockchain execution and trust performance in supply chains. Second, as the blockchain facilitates a real-time performance rating to each involved unit (a peer-rating system), accumulated rating scores can help indicate service users and providers’ capability and help establish a rapid trust among unknown actors (Hunt et al, 2021 ; L'Hermitte & Nair, 2020 ). Third, blockchain platforms help establish clear, consensual protocols and norms which help clarify roles and responsibilities and govern the actions of unknown users and providers of logistics resources (Hunt et al, 2021 ; L'Hermitte & Nair, 2020 ).…”

“…The two supply chain partners pairs There are two schools of thought, TTS and ITR, possessing different views on the implications of blockchains on the trust element between two supply chain partners. Actors who assume the roles of a trustor and trustee in this pair of relationships are also different The dichotomy of views regarding blockchain implications for trust in supply chains could be an important issue for future investigation, especially the supply chain contexts which each view can be fitted into 2.1 TTS In TTS, there is no need for interorganizational trust development between the two supply chain parties as they can both act as a trustor and bestow trust to the blockchain when performing exchanges (Kumar et al, 2020 ; Tezel et al, 2021 ) Put differently, blockchain solution plays a role as the trusted third party that facilitates transactions between supply chain members, thus trust from each member is redistributed and more centralized toward the operating system (Cha et al, 2020 ; Pournader et al, 2020b ) 2.2 ITR In ITR, blockchain employment is expected to contribute to the reinforcement of interorganizational trust between supply chain partners (e.g., Dubey et al, 2020b ; Surjandari et al, 2021 ) There are three primary arguments to support such trust enhancement: (1) Transference of the capabilities and strengthened trustworthiness in the blockchain to the organization that uses the system (e.g., Hunt et al, 2021 ) (2) Increase in the continuous exchange of information between two supply chain partners encouraged by the blockchain mechanism (e.g., Di Vaio & Varriale, 2020 ) (3) The facilitation of automated governance and monitoring of transactions performed using the application of smart contracts and consensus mechanisms (e.g., Palas & Bunduchi, 2020 ) Trustor: consumer and public Trustee: supply chain Blockchain implementation helps strengthen the trust of consumers and the public through the enhancement of information authenticity and the transparency of various supply chain activities, the flow of materials and products along the supply chain, and the risks of supply chain breach or failure to perform (e.g., de Boissieu et al, 2021 ; Garrard & Fielke, 2020 ; Kayikci et al, 2020 ) II. Form of Trust 1.…”