Blockchain technology in healthcare: A systematic review

Abstract

Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged in the last decade and added a lot of interest in the healthcare sector. The purpose of this systematic literature review (SLR) is to explore the potential paradigm shift in healthcare utilizing BCT. The study is compiled by reviewing research articles published in nine well-reputed venues such as IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Springs Link, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Ovid Medline, and MDPI between January 2016 to August 2021. A total of 1,192 research studies were identified out of which 51 articles were selected based on inclusion criteria for this SLR that presents the modern information on the recent implications and gaps in the use of BCT for enhancing the healthcare procedures. According to the outcomes, BCT is being applied to design the novel and advanced interventions to enrich the current protocol of managing, distributing, and processing clinical records and personal medical information. BCT is enduring the conceptual development in the healthcare domain, where it has summed up the substantial elements through better and enhanced efficiency, technological innovation, access control, data privacy, and security. A framework is developed to address the probable field where future researchers can add considerable value, such as data protection, system architecture, and regulatory compliance. Finally, this SLR concludes that the upcoming research can support the pervasive implementation of BCT to address the critical dilemmas related to health diagnostics, enhancing the patient healthcare process in remote monitoring or emergencies, data integrity, and avoiding fraud.

Neural Network-Based Prediction of Potential Ribonucleic Acid Aptamers to Target Protein

“…It achieved an accuracy of 77.5% and a sensitivity of 75.2%, both of which are higher than those of the other two experiments. According to the results of the performance study of RF, the MLP model is superior to various other models [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]. We performed a 15fold LOO to further test the outcomes of the proposed model, and the result validates the relevance of MLP, as can be shown in Table 3.…”

“…The window is considered positive if the middle of the window binds the protein nucleotide with (+) instance, and the window containing non-binding nucleotide is considered negative. We also removed the feature vectors that were neither (+) nor (-) from the training phase because it may produce severely unbalanced instances for training, unless and until the initial and final windows were supposed as (+) if they consist of a protein-binding nucleotide in any location of the sliding window [68][69][70][71][72]. This is due to the limited number of (+) instances than (-) in the training database.…”

Blockchain for the Healthcare Supply Chain: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Therefore, blockchain has been widely implemented in healthcare [19][20][21], and it could also help solve SC challenges [22]. A fundamental advantage of these distributed systems is that they resolve problems of disclosure and accountability among individuals and institutions whose interests might not be aligned [23].…”

Optimizing blockchain technology using a data sharing model

“…Every file has a distinct hash value; this is no less impenetrable to tampering, but also stops enormous duplication of material from being uploaded and enhances the efficiency of the network. Finally, IPFS provides a number of significant advantages [17]. To begin with, IPFS offers the advantage of being both quick and decentralized.…”

“…It searches encrypted data on a malicious server while disregarding perfectly alright data constraints [4], [16]. For the goal of exchanging electronic medical records, Zhang and Lin created combined private and federation chain topologies, however, cross-chain behavior and the usage of searchable public key-based encryption are ineffective in practice [17], [18]. A trustworthy data sharing platform was developed by Su et al [19] such as off-chain communication and on-chain storage, where the actual data is delivered securely and for shared data, the request and responses records are open [19].…”