Mobile smart contracts (MSCs) are essential to facilitate quick, safe, and decentralized transactions on mobile blockchain networks. Scalable blockchain solutions facilitate the establishment of a mobile blockchain ecosystem characterized by enhanced resilience and adaptability. This encourages an increase in the number of users and, thus, spreads the adoption of blockchain technology in the mobile domain. With the inception of blockchain technology, a wide range of applications use smart contracts due to their high customizability. However, problems with scalability and resource-intensive consensus procedures prevent their general use. Therefore, by conducting a systematic survey using Kitchenham's guidelines of available scalable blockchains and consensus methods, this work seeks to identify and analyze these constraints. Out of a preliminary pool of 2,073 publications, our study, which consists of 25 selected studies, identifies 12 consensus mechanisms and 13 scalable blockchain systems. Our investigation shows that, despite the wide range of techniques, no existing blockchain solution provides the scalability and lightweight operating requirements to implement smart contracts on mobile devices. This realization draws attention to a significant gap in academic and industry-driven blockchain research that may have implications for the creation of MSCs. Our findings encourage academics to explore scalable and energy-efficient blockchain technology, targeting the creation of more approachable smart contracts designed with mobile devices in mind.INDEX TERMS Blockchain, smart contract, scalability, consensus mechanism, proof-of-stake, proof-of-Work
I. INTRODUCTIONT HE aim of this study is real-world impacts on Web3 adoption by mobile device users, where Web3 mobile adoption is critical to its success. Recently, Web3 has gained tremendous attention, and following major analysts such as Gartner [1] and Harvard Business Review [2], [3], [4], it will stay with us in the future. The Web3 vision takes blockchain to the next level by making disintermediation ubiquitous -establishing disintermediation not only for basic payments but also for a wide range of financial services, digital identities, data, and business models [5], [6]. As such, Web3 consolidates and integrates the fragmented landscape of specific blockchain visions expressed in the many initial coin offerings (ICO) that we have seen over the past decade. According to Jin and Parrot, ''Web3 is our chance to make a better Internet'' [3] by making Web3 ''owned and operated by its users'' [3]. However, a critical success factor for Web3 to take off is its acceptance by users of mobile devices. According to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), in 2022, ''mobile continues to dominate as the platform of choice for online access'' [7] and "Internet use is becoming as ubiquitous as mobile phones" [7].