“…Therefore, they are commonly used to improve the surface properties of solids, such as hardness (for watches, jewelry, and decorative items), reflection, or resistance to corrosion . Furthermore, thin films find many applications in microelectronics for high-k dielectrics, microbatteries for new energy devices, − solid oxide fuel cells, in fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-film solar cells, − dye-sensitized solar cells, photovoltaics, organic photovoltaics, transparent conducting oxides (such as SnO 2 , ZnO, Al:ZnO, black silicon), − anti-reflective coatings, thin-film electroluminescent displays, thin-film metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), light-emitting diodes, as well as in medical applications and aerospace …”