Blood

Scanes, Colin G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819770-7.00044-x

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 313 publications

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“…Both the Hct/PCV and hemoglobin of mallards ( Table 1 ) are similar to those across avian species [Hct/PCV 44.0% based 158 species of birds; hemoglobin 14.5 g dL −1 based 134 species of birds; Scanes, 2022 ]. In contrast, both the Hct/PCV of laying hens ( Tables 1 , 2 ) are markedly lower than that in mallards and the mean across avian species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Serum/plasma concentrations of total protein and albumin are very similar in laying hens ( Table 2 ), in mallards and across birds (total protein concentration: 39.6 across 100 avian species; 15.9 across 63 avian species; Scanes, 2022 ). The increase in total protein in the serum/plasma in mallards between reproductively quiescent and laying females is presumed to reflect the appearance of vitellogenin in the circulation of laying ducks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Quantitative Morphometric, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics of Chickens and Mallards for Physiologically Based Kinetic Model Development

et al. 2022

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Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models are a promising tool for xenobiotic environmental risk assessment that could reduce animal testing by predicting in vivo exposure. PBK models for birds could further our understanding of species-specific sensitivities to xenobiotics, but would require species-specific parameterization. To this end, we summarize multiple major morphometric and physiological characteristics in chickens, particularly laying hens (Gallus gallus) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in a meta-analysis of published data. Where such data did not exist, data are substituted from domesticated ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and, in their absence, from chickens. The distribution of water between intracellular, extracellular, and plasma is similar in laying hens and mallards. Similarly, the lengths of the components of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) are similar in chickens and mallards. Moreover, not only are the gastrointestinal absorptive areas similar in mallard and chickens but also they are similar to those in mammals when expressed on a log basis and compared to log body weight. In contrast, the following are much lower in laying hens than mallards: cardiac output (CO), hematocrit (Hct), and blood hemoglobin. There are shifts in ovary weight (increased), oviduct weight (increased), and plasma/serum concentrations of vitellogenin and triglyceride between laying hens and sexually immature females. In contrast, reproductive state does not affect the relative weights of the liver, kidneys, spleen, and gizzard.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Quantitative Morphometric, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics of Chickens and Mallards for Physiologically Based Kinetic Model Development

et al. 2022

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“… A Calculated from data on individual species is available in or calculated from Supplementary Table 1 . B Based on supplementary data in Scanes (2022) . It is assumed that these data do not include sexually mature (laying) female birds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… B Based on supplementary data in Scanes (2022) . It is assumed that these data do not include sexually mature (laying) female birds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Comparison of Avian and Mammalian Physiologies for Parameterization of Physiologically Based Kinetic Models

et al. 2022

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Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models facilitate chemical risk assessment by predicting in vivo exposure while reducing the need for animal testing. PBK models for mammals have seen significant progress, which has yet to be achieved for avian systems. Here, we quantitatively compare physiological, metabolic and anatomical characteristics between birds and mammals, with the aim of facilitating bird PBK model development. For some characteristics, there is considerable complementarity between avian and mammalian species with identical values for the following: blood hemoglobin and hemoglobin concentrations per unit erythrocyte volume together with relative weights of the liver, heart, and lungs. There are also systematic differences for some major characteristics between avian and mammalian species including erythrocyte volume, plasma concentrations of albumin, total protein and triglyceride together with liver cell size and relative weights of the kidney, spleen, and ovary. There are also major differences between characteristics between sexually mature and sexually immature female birds. For example, the relative weights of the ovary and oviduct are greater in sexually mature females compared to immature birds as are the plasma concentrations of triglyceride and vitellogenin. Both these sets of differences reflect the genetic “blue print” inherited from ancestral archosaurs such as the production of large eggs with yolk filled oocytes surrounded by egg white proteins, membranes and a calciferous shell together with adaptions for flight in birds or ancestrally in flightless birds.

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“…Furthermore, while erythrocytes will be responsible for most of the respiration in the avian circulation (c.f. Scanes 2022), it can be difficult to reliably separate cell types by centrifugation in the small samples that are typically collected from wild models. Thus, the exact composition of a cell isolate may, or may not, correspond to that in whole blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A whole blood approach improves speed and accuracy when measuring mitochondrial respiration in intact avian hematocytes

Nord

Chamkha

Elmér

2022

Preprint

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Mitochondria are the main producers of the cellular fuel (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) that eukaryotes require to function. Understanding mitochondrial biology and pathology is therefore important when enquiring about the evolution of animal form and function. Mitochondrial measurement often involves invasive, or even terminal, sampling, which can be difficult to reconcile in wild models or in longitudinal studies. Non-mammal vertebrates contain mitochondria in their red blood cells. This has recently been exploited for minimally invasive mitochondrial measurement in a range of bird species. Studies to date have measured mitochondrial function using isolated blood cells. This is time consuming and might result in technical complications if extended handling of blood cells impacts their integrity. Interpretation of homogenate measurement can also be problematic on biological grounds since homogenate production eliminates biological tissue context. We developed a protocol to measure mitochondrial respiration in bird whole blood samples. Endogenous respiration was comparable between isolated blood cells and whole blood. However, respiration towards oxidative phosphorylation (whereby ATP is produced) was higher in whole blood. Moreover, whole blood mitochondria were better coupled and had higher maximum working capacity, as well as higher and more precise repeatability, compared to cell isolates. Whole blood measurement was feasible over a 10-fold range of sample volumes, though changes to respiratory traits were recorded for both very small and very large samples. We found that the blood can be stored for extended periods of time. After 24 h at 5 degrees C without agitation all respiration traits but maximum working capacity remained unchanged, the latter decreasing by 14%. Finally, we provide proof of principle that whole blood samples, like isolated hematocytes, can be quickly and reliably permeabilised. Our study indicates that measurement of whole blood can provide faster, more precise, and more biologically (tissue context) and physiologically (mitochondrial integrity) relevant assessment of mitochondrial respiration in bird blood cells. On these grounds, we recommend future studies to take a whole blood approach unless specific circumstances require the use of isolated blood cells.

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Blood

Cited by 10 publications

References 313 publications

Quantitative Morphometric, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics of Chickens and Mallards for Physiologically Based Kinetic Model Development

Quantitative Morphometric, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics of Chickens and Mallards for Physiologically Based Kinetic Model Development

Quantitative Comparison of Avian and Mammalian Physiologies for Parameterization of Physiologically Based Kinetic Models

A whole blood approach improves speed and accuracy when measuring mitochondrial respiration in intact avian hematocytes

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