Blood-Based Biomarkers in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most lethal subtypes of stroke, associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prevention of hematoma growth and perihematomal edema expansion are promising therapeutic targets currently under investigation. Despite recent improvements in the management of ICH, the ideal treatments are still to be determined. Early stratification and triage of ICH patients enable the adjustment of the standard of care in keeping with the personalized medicine principles. In recent years, research efforts have been concentrated on the development and validation of blood-based biomarkers. The benefit of looking for blood candidate markers is obvious because of their acceptance in terms of sample collection by the general population compared to any other body fluid. Given their ease of accessibility in clinical practice, blood-based biomarkers have been widely used as potential diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic markers. This review identifies some relevant and potentially promising blood biomarkers for ICH. These blood-based markers are summarized by their roles in clinical practice. Well-designed and large-scale studies are required to validate the use of all these biomarkers in the future.

Low Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts In-Hospital Complications and Case Fatality in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Retrospective Study

“…Recent evidence indicates that post-ICH neuroinflammation is a major contributor to secondary-induced brain damage and is often associated with a poor clinical prognosis [ 19 , 20 ]. In recent decades, blood-based biomarkers measured upon admission have shown great potential for the diagnosis and prognosis of ICH [ 10 , 16 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Stroke-induced immunosuppression decreases immune capacity as lymphocyte numbers reduce, which increases the risk of infection and is strongly associated with an unfavorable functional outcome [ 24 , 25 ].…”