Blood biomarkers of secondary outcomes following concussion: A systematic review

Abstract

IntroductionBlood biomarkers have been identified as an alternative tool for predicting secondary outcomes following concussion. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature on blood biomarkers of secondary outcomes following concussion in both pediatric and adult cohorts.MethodsA literature search of Embase, Medline and PubMed was conducted. Two reviewers independently assessed retrieved studies to determine inclusion in systematic review synthesis.ResultsA total of 1771 unique studies were retrieved, 58 of which were included in the final synthesis. S100B, GFAP and tau were identified as being associated with secondary outcomes following concussion. Seventeen percent of studies were performed in a solely pediatric setting.ConclusionsValidation of biomarkers associated with secondary outcomes following concussion have been largely limited by heterogeneous study cohorts and definitions of concussion and mTBI, presenting a hurdle for translation of these markers into clinical practice. Additionally, there was an underrepresentation of studies which investigated pediatric cohorts. Adult markers are not appropriate for children, therefore pediatric specific markers of secondary outcomes following concussion present the biggest gap in this field.

Electrical impedance tomography provides information of brain injury during total aortic arch replacement through its correlation with relative difference of neurological biomarkers

“…In our study, compared to patients without PND, PND (+) patients had an increasing of S100B serum level after TAAR with a peak concentration right after surgery and returned to normal level 24–48 h after surgery, which was consistent with previous studies (Tables S7 , S8 ) 30 , 31 . TAU protein is a microtuble-associated protein found in neurons and is a biomarker for neurodegeneration 32 , 33 . In an observational study of long-term persistent elevation of neurodegeneration markers after cardiac surgery, researchers found that serum levels of TAU protein increased 24 h after surgery and remained elevated at 7 days and three months for patients with neurodegeneration 34 .…”

“…In addition, GFAP is a protein that found in astrocytes and is released into the bloodstream following brain injury, and it has a high specificity and sensitivity of neurological damages 32 . Nurcahyo et al examined GFAP serum levels for patients with and without postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting 35 .…”

“…In addition, GFAP is a protein that found in astrocytes and is released into the bloodstream following brain injury, and it has a high specificity and sensitivity of neurological damages 32 . Nurcahyo et al examined GFAP The correlation of TARV HP and relative difference of TAU protein between T2 and T1 for patients with C T1 -S100B > 115 pg/mL.…”