Blood–brain barrier water exchange measurements using contrast‐enhanced ASL

Abstract

A technique for quantifying regional blood–brain barrier (BBB) water exchange rates using contrast‐enhanced arterial spin labelling (CE‐ASL) is presented and evaluated in simulations and in vivo. The two‐compartment ASL model describes the water exchange rate from blood to tissue, , but to estimate in practice it is necessary to separate the intra‐ and extravascular signals. This is challenging in standard ASL data owing to the small difference in values. Here, a gadolinium‐based contrast agent is used to increase this difference and enable the signal components to be disentangled. The optimal post‐contrast blood ( ) at 3 T was determined in a sensitivity analysis, and the accuracy and precision of the method quantified using Monte Carlo simulations. Proof‐of‐concept data were acquired in six healthy volunteers (five female, age range 24–46 years). The sensitivity analysis identified the optimal at 3 T as 0.8 s. Simulations showed that could be estimated in individual cortical regions with a relative error % and coefficient of variation %; however, a high dependence on blood was also observed. In volunteer data, mean parameter values in grey matter were: arterial transit time s, cerebral blood flow mL blood/min/100 mL tissue and water exchange rate s−1. CE‐ASL can provide regional BBB water exchange rate estimates; however, the clinical utility of the technique is dependent on the achievable accuracy of measured values.

Arterial Spin Labeling: Key Concepts and Progress Towards Use as a Clinical Tool

“…Notably, it is crucial to avoid acquiring ASL images following the administration of gadolinium-based contrast, as the ensuing T 1 -shortening adversely affects the labeling process. 99 , 100 Furthermore, this contrast-induced effect persists for several days after administration.…”

“…Some approaches include using diffusion pulses to attenuate the flowing blood, 107 multi-echo imaging to separate vessels based on T 2 decay rate, 108 magnetization transfer to preferentially attenuate tissue, 109 or even low doses of contrast to slightly shorten blood T 1 . 100 …”

Water exchange across the blood–brain barrier and epilepsy: Review on pathophysiology and neuroimaging

“…Several ASL‐based MRI methods have been proposed for BBB water permeability assessment (Figure 2 ): magnetization transfer weighted ASL 69 diffusion‐weighted ASL 14 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ; diffusion filter methods 73 , 74 ; multi‐TE ASL 75 , 76 T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging. 77 , 78 , 79 …”