Blood Copper, Zinc, Calcium, and Magnesium Levels During Different Duration of Pregnancy in Chinese

Liu, Jinhao; Yang, Hui; Shi, Hua; Shen, Ching-Hui; Zhou, Wenjie; Dai, Qinsheng; Jiang, Yongmei

doi:10.1007/s12011-009-8482-y

Cited by 50 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This finding is in consistent with that of some other researchers 21,16 . On the contrary, serum Cu level was found lower in 3 rd trimester of gestation when compared to that of in 1 st and 2 nd trimester of pregnant women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy

Noor¹,

Jahan

Sultana³

2013

J Bangladesh Soc Physiol

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Background: Gradual alteration of serum copper and some plasma protein levels may occur with advancement of pregnancy, which is associated with increased maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. Objective: To observe serum copper and plasma protein levels in normal pregnant women of different trimesters in order to find out their nutritional status. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka, between 1 st January 2010 and December 2010. Ninety normal pregnant women of different trimesters with age 20-30 years were included in the study group. They were selected from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SSMC. Age matched 30 non-pregnant women were taken as control. Serum copper level was measured by Spectrophotometric method, serum total protein and albumin levels were estimated by standard method. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, Bonferroni and Pearson's correlation coefficient test as applicable. Results: Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in all trimesters of pregnant women compared to control. Again, this value was significantly higher in 3 rd trimester than that of in 1 st and 2 nd trimester and also in 2 nd trimester than that of in 1 st trimester. In addition, mean serum total protein level was significantly lower in 3 rd trimester than control but no statistically significant difference was observed among different trimesters. Again, mean serum albumin level was significantly lower in 2 nd and 3 rd trimester than 1 st trimester and control. In addition, serum Cu concentration showed significant positive correlation with different trimesters of gestation. Conclusion: This study reveals that hypercupremia along with hypoproteinemia occur in pregnant women from 1 st to 3 rd trimester of gestation. This gradual alteration of micro and macronutrients become more profound with advancement of pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Serum Copper and Plasma Protein Status in Normal Pregnancy

Noor¹,

Jahan

Sultana³

2013

J Bangladesh Soc Physiol

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“…Zinc levels of subjects kept decreasing during pregnancy from first trimester to third trimester. Similar results were shown in other studies in Turkey [17] and in China [9]. The decline may be explained by a disproportionate increase in plasma volume, as well as the maternal-fetal transfer.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Copper deficiency affects many cuproenzymes, leading to defects in ATP production; lipid peroxidation; hormone activation; angiogenesis; and abnormalities of vasculature, skeleton, and lung [22]. Similar mean serum levels of copper were shown in other studies carried out in Ethiopia [23] and in China [9]. Our results show that copper levels rise significantly with increasing gestational periods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Zinc deficiency has been associated with complications of pregnancy and delivery, as well as with growth retardation and congenital abnormalities in the fetus [4]. A comparison between the mean serum zinc during the three trimesters of pregnancy in the current study with a study in China [9], findings showed that the mean serum zinc levels was higher than in the current findings. Zinc levels of subjects kept decreasing during pregnancy from first trimester to third trimester.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

“…As reported, maternal calcium levels of all the three gestation stages in the present study were found no difference among themselves, although some studies found that the serum calcium level did not change during the pregnancy [8,9]. As mentioned above, the level of calcium during all the trimesters was constant whereas due to the plasma dilation, a decline in the level of the calcium was expected but we could not get the predicted result.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

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Serum Level of Some Minerals during Three Trimesters of Pregnancy in Iranian Women and Their Newborns: A Longitudinal Study

Tabrizi

Pakdel

2013

Ind J Clin Biochem

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Concentrations of various trace elements are altered during pregnancy with changes in the mother's physiology and the requirements of growing fetus. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to learn the changes of micronutrients Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) Magnesium (Mg) and copper (Cu) of pregnant woman and their relations with newborns levels. Serum levels of iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium and copper of 162 pregnant women and their newborns were determined by an inductively couple plasma mass spectrometer (ICP/MS). The results showed that majority (41 %) of pregnant women were in age group 26-36 years 55 % had high school and diploma levels of education and the total income ranged between 3 and 5 Rials million per month There was significant difference in iron levels during first, second and third trimesters, 76.0 ± 17.8, 63.5 ± 15.2 and 70.1 ± 14.4 lg/dl respectively. Significant difference was shown in zinc levels 79.5 ± 15, 74.5 ± 16.1, and 65.3 ± 14.9 lg/dl during three trimesters. Copper levels during pregnancy were significantly different (130.9 ± 43.5, 172.0 ± 38.94, 193.2 ± 28.5 lg/dl. The serum levels of calcium and magnesium during pregnancy were constant (Ca: 8.96 ± 0.48, 8.86 ± 0.47, 8.91 ± 0.42 mg/dl and Mg: 2.10 ± 0.21, 2.08 ± 0.28, 2.09 ± 0.29 mg/dl). Results showed that 13 % of pregnant women had hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia. Thirty eight percent and 42 % of pregnant women had iron and zinc deficiency respectively. In this study, unlike zinc, no pregnant women were found deficient in serum copper levels. Calcium, iron, zinc, copper and magnesium levels in the newborn's cord blood were 8.93 ± 0.43, 106.0 ± 26.1, 85.35 ± 16.6, 57.04 ± 13.8 and 1.99 ± 0.27 mg/dl respectively. In the present study the levels of iron and zinc in cord blood were higher than the levels of iron and zinc in maternal serum. The mean level of copper in cord blood serum in the current study was lower than maternal values. The mean serum calcium and magnesium in the serum cord blood and in the serum of the pregnant women were similar.

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