Blood dopamine level enhanced by caffeine in men after treadmill running

Effects of caffeine ingestion and thermotherapy on blood orexin circulation in humans

“…Caffeine can activate the immunity against various diseases (Romero-Martínez et al, 2021). It can be an effective anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent to improve exercise performance, reduce fatigue, and increase awareness in people who have adapted to an indoor lifestyle (Lee et al, 2019). In our study, caffeine intake increased body temperature and serum orexin levels in subjects undergoing thermotherapy.…”

“…This is a dose showing adequate ergogenic effect but not reaching the recommended maximum daily intake (400 mg/day of caffeine) by the European Food Safety Authority (2015), Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (2020), US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2015). Caffeine at 3 mg/kg body weight is roughly equivalent to two cups of coffee, a dose frequently applied in our previous studies (Kim and Lee, 2013;Kim et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2019). Caffeine used in this study was 99.9% pure caffeine powder produced by Scientific Fitness (Oakmont, PA, USA).…”

“…When the thermistor probe contacted the tympanic membrane, the subject felt slight discomfort and could hear a scratching noise. The inner pinna was filled with small cotton balls to fix the probe in the ear (Lee et al, 2019).…”

Histopathological and Neurotransmitter Changes in Albino Rats’ Brain after Consumption of Energy Drink in Egypt

“…According to Lee et al, (2019), and Galvalisi et al, (2017) who realized significant rise in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens following pulmonary inhalation of caffeine and they explained this effect by antagonistic effect of caffeine on adenosine receptors of A1, A2a, which on adenosine binding to A1, inhibit release of excitatory neurotransmitters especially dopamine, therefore caffeine block that action increase dopamine release (Ferré, 2016).…”