Blood glucose patterns and appetite in  time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Melanson, Kathleen J.; Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Smith, Franklin R.; Campfield, L. Arthur

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.2.r337

Cited by 98 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is possible that methodological differences between study designs may have contributed to this controversy (Rolls et al, 1988;de Graaf et al, 1992). Differences in meal type (Kissileff, 1984), energy density and macronutrient composition (Prentice & Poppitt, 1996;Westerterp-Plantenga et al, 1996;Bell et al, 1998), duration of time between a preload and a test meal (Rolls et al, 1991a;Horn et al, 1996;Melanson et al, 1999) and characteristics of subject populations (Drewnowski et al, 1985;Mela & Sacchetti, 1991) have all been shown to influence the satiating efficiency of fat. Furthermore, different physicochemical properties of fats could influence their satiating properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose–response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra™) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption

et al. 2002

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Objective: To investigate the dose -response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra TM ) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption in non-overweight subjects. Design: A single-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subject cross-over design was used. Setting: Metabolic suite of the University of Ulster, Coleraine. Subjects: Fifty subjects (30 female, 20 male) from the student and staff population of the University of Ulster, Coleraine. Interventions: Subjects were given in random order, 7 days apart, a 200 g portion of yoghurt containing a total of 15 g of fat, which varied in quantity of Olibra TM fat (0, 2, 4, 6 g) at 09:00 h. At 13:00 h subjects were given ad libitum access to a range of foods. Amounts of food consumed were measured by covert pre-and post-consumption weighing of individual serving dishes. For the remainder of the day and the following 24 h, subjects weighed and recorded all food intakes. 39.3, 38.2, 39.6% energy), intakes were progressively reduced with increasing doses of Olibra TM fat in the total group (P < 0.001). A similar response was observed in the female group up to 4 g (P < 0.001) and in the male group after 2 and 6 g (P < 0.05). Energy and macronutrient intakes for the remainder of each study day and over the following 24 h were significantly lower after all dose levels compared to the control (P < 0.001). Conclusion:The results suggest that Olibra TM fat reduced the effect of overeating during an ad libitum lunch meal and subsequent food intake up to 36 h post-consumption.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose–response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra™) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption

et al. 2002

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“…Indeed, the initiation of meals and perception of hunger were synchronized with transient and dynamic blood glucose declines. [22][23][24] The role of glucose in the control of food intake is thought to be dynamic: it is a satiety factor and an initiation signal. 25 Bray 26 recently suggested that the use of the word static for the 'glucostatic' theory is unfortunate, as it implies a static or unchanging system.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The accentuation of the glucose area below fasting levels observed at plateau is a matter of preoccupation if one refers to the glucostatic theory of appetite control and subsequent studies. [6][7][8][9][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Taken together, these findings suggest that blood glucose fluctuations may have biopsychological consequences and may be perceived as a source of signaling favoring weight regain.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, at the 180th minute of this test, the glycemia was significantly lower than that before treatment. Even though these values do not necessarily represent clinical hypoglycemia, they might carry some importance as a fall in blood glucose may trigger episodes of feeding [6][7][8][9][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and some metabolic counterregulation such as hyperglucagonemia 33 as discussed above. Interestingly, the span between the maximal and minimal glucose concentrations was the same before and after weight loss, suggesting that a shift toward hypoglycemia has occurred over the course of the programme.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The glucostatic theory of appetite control and the risk of obesity and diabetes

Chaput

Tremblay

2008

Int J Obes

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More than 50 years ago, Jean Mayer proposed that changes in blood glucose concentrations or arteriovenous glucose differences are detected by glucoreceptors that affect energy intake. According to this theory, an increase in blood glucose concentrations results in increased feelings of satiety whereas a drop in blood glucose concentrations has the opposite effect. The pioneering work of Mayer has recently received support from our group as low glycemia has been shown to be linked with body weight gain prospectively and has been considered as a strong predictor of the amount of weight regained after weight loss. This state of mild hypoglycemia also predicts the increase in depressive symptoms with weight loss and a greater propensity to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes, particularly for individuals having short sleep durations. Furthermore, knowledgebased work has been shown to induce a significant increase in spontaneous energy intake being related to changes in glycemic control. In accordance with the glucostatic theory, this oriented review suggests that factors favoring a trend toward hypoglycemia and/or glucose instability might induce excess energy intake, overweight and impaired glucose tolerance. Data also raise the possibility that fat gain might be protective against mild hypoglycemia by providing compensation to the stimuli promoted by a modern environment. Keywords: body weight; glycemia; glucose homeostasis; glucose intolerance; metabolism; weight gainThe identification of the biochemical basis for hunger and meal initiation, and of the signals controlling these neurobiological processes have been the subject of extensive research and debate for some decades regarding the control of food intake. These studies led to the classical lipostatic, 1 aminostatic, 2 and thermostatic 3 theories of food intake control as well as more recent hypotheses. [4][5][6] However, all of these theoretical ideas were preceded by the notion that glucose uptake and utilization played a central and metabolically privileged role in the control of hunger, satiety and the regulation of body energy balance. Although these notions were first discussed and suggested by Carlson in a classic text published in 1916, 7 they were formalized by Jean Mayer into the classical glucostatic theory in the mid 1950s. 8,9 The glucostatic theory of food intake control postulated that reduced glucose utilization in critical brain regions leads to perception and expression of hunger, and increased glucose utilization in these same glucosensitive sites leads to decreased hunger and cessation of eating. Mayer proposed that decreased glucose utilization or 'metabolic hypoglycemia', the point at which the peripheral arteriovenous difference in blood glucose becomes negligible and glucose is no longer entering 'metabolizing cells', was the signal for meal initiation. In his 1955 paper, Mayer explicitly argued that the glucostatic theory would account for the short-term control of hunger and food intake, whereas he invoked a lipostatic mechanism...

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“…Moreover the effect of protein intake on satiety is partly due to the optimal timing of protein intake (115,116) . In healthy young men, habitual meal frequency appeared to be of greater significance in energy-intake regulation than forced meal frequency (117)(118)(119)(120) . Adiposity may increase when young lean male subjects switch from a four-to a three-meal pattern by removing their usual afternoon meal, partly mediated by a change in the macronutrient composition of the diet (121) .…”

Section: Circadian Misalignment and Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments

Westerterp-Plantenga

2016

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Circadian alignment is crucial for body-weight management, and for metabolic health. In this context, circadian alignment consists of alignment of sleep, meal patterns and physical activity. During puberty a significant reduction in sleep duration occurs, and pubertal status is inversely associated with sleep duration. A consistent inverse association between habitual sleep duration and body-weight development occurs, independent of possible confounders. Research on misalignment reveals that circadian misalignment affects sleep-architecture and subsequently disturbs glucose–insulin metabolism, substrate oxidation, leptin- and ghrelin concentrations, appetite, food reward, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-axis activity and gut-peptide concentrations enhancing positive energy balance and metabolic disturbance. Not only aligning meals and sleep in a circadian way is crucial, also regular physical activity during the day strongly promotes the stability and amplitude of circadian rhythm, and thus may serve as an instrument to restore poor circadian rhythms. Endogenicity may play a role in interaction of these environmental variables with a genetic predisposition. In conclusion, notwithstanding the separate favourable effects of sufficient daily physical activity, regular meal patterns, sufficient sleep duration and quality sleep on energy balance, the overall effect of the amplitude and stability of the circadian rhythm, perhaps including genetic predisposition, may integrate the separate effects in an additive way.

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Blood glucose patterns and appetite in time-blinded humans: carbohydrate versus fat

Cited by 98 publications

References 27 publications

Dose–response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra™) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption

Dose–response effects of a novel fat emulsion (Olibra™) on energy and macronutrient intakes up to 36 h post-consumption

The glucostatic theory of appetite control and the risk of obesity and diabetes

Sleep, circadian rhythm and body weight: parallel developments

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