Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners

Ohkuwa, Tetsuo; Kato, Yoshinobu; Katsumata, Koichi; Nakao, Toshihiro; Miyamura, Miharu

doi:10.1007/bf00776592

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is similar to the result of a previous study that reported no signi®cant correlation between peak blood lactate concentration and 400-m running performance (r 0.38) in competitive sprinters (Okhuwa et al 1984). Part of the explanation for this low correlation could be the low reliability of peak blood lactate concentration values.…”

Section: Anaerobic Capacity Testsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological predictors of flat-water kayak performance in women

Bishop¹

2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between selected physiological variables and 500-m flat-water kayak (K500) performance. Nine female, high-performance kayak paddlers, mean (SD) age 23 (5) years, participated in this investigation. Testing was conducted over 6 days and included anthropometric measurements (height, body mass and skinfolds), an incremental test to determine both peak VO2 and the "anaerobic threshold" (Th(an)), and a 2-min, all-out test to calculate accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD). Blood lactate concentrations were measured during the incremental test and at the completion of both tests. Subjects also completed a K500 race under competition conditions. K500 time was significantly correlated with both peak VO2 (r = -0.82, P < 0.05) and the power output achieved at the end of the incremental test (r = -0.75, P < 0.05). However, the variable most strongly correlated with K500 time was Th(an) (r = -0.89, P < 0.05). A stepwise multiple regression, for which r = 0.95 and the standard error of estimate = 1.6 s, yielded the following equation: K500time(s) = 160.6-0.154 x AOD x kg(-1) - 0.250 x Th(an). In conclusion, the results of this study have demonstrated that although K500 performance is a predominantly aerobic activity, it does require a large anaerobic contribution. The importance of both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems is reflected by the K500 time being best predicted by a linear combination of Th(an) and AOD x kg(-1). This suggests the need to develop and implement training programmes that develop optimally both of these physiological attributes. Further research is required to elucidate the most effective means by which to develop both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems.

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Section: Anaerobic Capacity Testsupporting

confidence: 90%

Physiological predictors of flat-water kayak performance in women

Bishop¹

2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Under these conditions, the concentration change of the ligand should be readily sensed by its receptor and reflected by receptor activation. In humans, resting L-lactate concentrations in the plasma are in the 0.5-2 mM range, whereas L-lactate levels after intense anaerobic exercise can reach upwards of 10 -20 mM (32)(33)(34)(35). Additionally, after a metabolic load, such as a meal, adipocytes produce L-lactate as well, which will increase the local lactate concentration in fat tissues (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactate Inhibits Lipolysis in Fat Cells through Activation of an Orphan G-protein-coupled Receptor, GPR81

Liu

Zhu

et al. 2009

Journal of Biological Chemistry

449

439

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Lactic acid is a well known metabolic by-product of intense exercise, particularly under anaerobic conditions. Lactate is also a key source of energy and an important metabolic substrate, and it has also been hypothesized to be a signaling molecule directing metabolic activity. Here we show that GPR81, an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor highly expressed in fat, is in fact a sensor for lactate. Lactate activates GPR81 in its physiological concentration range of 1-20 mM and suppresses lipolysis in mouse, rat, and human adipocytes as well as in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Adipocytes from GPR81-deficient mice lack an antilipolytic response to lactate but are responsive to other antilipolytic agents. Lactate specifically induces internalization of GPR81 after receptor activation. Site-directed mutagenesis of GPR81 coupled with homology modeling demonstrates that classically conserved key residues in the transmembrane binding domains are responsible for interacting with lactate. Our results indicate that lactate suppresses lipolysis in adipose tissue through a direct activation of GPR81. GPR81 may thus be an attractive target for the treatment of dyslipidemia and other metabolic disorders. GPR81(1) is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly homologous to GPR109a and GPR109b. GPR109a and GPR109b were recently identified as receptors for niacin (also known as nicotinic acid) (2, 3) and subsequently characterized as receptors for the endogenous ketone body ␤-hydroxybutyrate (4). Niacin has been used clinically for a half-century as an effective treatment for dyslipidemia (5); however, its utility is somewhat hampered by a target-related effect on dendritic Langerhans cells, which release prostaglandin D2 in response to GPR109a stimulation, resulting in a cutaneous flushing response (6 -8). GPR81 is highly expressed in fat, similar to GPR109a, but is not expressed significantly in spleen; nor is it highly detected in any other tissue, and it has thus been hypothesized to be a potential target for the treatment of dyslipidemia that would be analogous to GPR109a/niacin but without the potential side effects (9).In this report, we demonstrate the initial identification of the ligand activity for GPR81 from the rat tissue extracts, the purification of L-lactate from porcine brain as the source of the ligand activity, and the pharmacological characterization of L-lactate as a ligand for GPR81. In addition, we show that in its physiological concentration range, L-lactate effectively inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes from humans, mice, and rats. Adipocytes from GPR81-deficient mice lack responses to L-lactate, indicating that the antilipolytic effect of L-lactate is mediated by GPR81. Despite a long history of being considered as waste or a by-product of metabolism, L-lactate has maintained some attention as a potential signaling molecule (10). As early as the 1960s, researchers have demonstrated significant effects of lactate on adipocytes (11); however, the mechanism by which this occurs has remained unknown. Our...

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“…When using correlations between blood lactate and running time, Vandewalle et al (1987) found a distance of 400 meters to be optimal. This does not appear to be true, however, for swimmers (Okhuwa et al, 1984) which may attest to the nature of task specificity, seemingly inherent in anaerobic testing. Tharp et al (1985) compared 50 yd sprint and 600 yd run times with Wingate cycle ergometer scores and found moderate correlations when scores were adjusted for body weight.…”

Section: Anaerobic Capacity Validation With Work Scoresmentioning

confidence: 91%

The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity

Scott

Roby

Lohman³

et al. 1991

Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise

120

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The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer.The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. STATEMENT BY AUTHORThis thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Table 3 Means and Standard Deviations Among Groups 47 Table 4 Anaerobic Correlations for Total Sample 52 ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine whether maximally accumulated oxygen deficit (OD) was a valid index of anaerobic capacity by distinguishing among groups of aerobically and anaerobically trained athletes. In addition, OD was correlated with commonly used anaerobic capacity/power measures. Subjects were four distance and five middle distance runners, three sprinters, and four controls. Subjects performed one 2-3 minute supra-maximal treadmill run in which blood lactates were recorded, aWingate Bicycle Ergometer Test, and runs of 300, 400, and 600 meters. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and a Duncan's Multiple Range test. Significant differences in OD were found between: sprinters and middle distance runners vs. distance runners and controls suggesting a greater anaerobic capacity in the former t...

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Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners

Cited by 52 publications

References 20 publications

Physiological predictors of flat-water kayak performance in women

Physiological predictors of flat-water kayak performance in women

Lactate Inhibits Lipolysis in Fat Cells through Activation of an Orphan G-protein-coupled Receptor, GPR81

The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity

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