Blood Lead and Zinc in Pregnant Women and their Offspring in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Cases

Srivastava, Shivani; Mehrotra, Prateek K.; Tandon, Indu; Siddiqui, M.K.J.

doi:10.1093/jat/25.6.461

Cited by 43 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In a Polish study of low-level prenatal lead exposure (median cord blood lead level = 1.23 μ g/dL), a significant deficit in Mental Development Index scores persisted at 1, 2, and 3 years of age [86]. Other health effects associated with lead exposure in these studies were low birth weight, aplastic anemia, and stunted growth [68, 71, 89]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

Horton

Mortensen

Iossifova

et al. 2013

International Journal of Pediatrics

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Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury present potential health risks to children who are exposed through inhalation or ingestion. Emerging Market countries experience rapid industrial development that may coincide with the increased release of these metals into the environment. A literature review was conducted for English language articles from the 21st century on pediatric exposures to arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) top 10 Emerging Market countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey. Seventy-six peer-reviewed, published studies on pediatric exposure to metals met the inclusion criteria. The reported concentrations of metals in blood and urine from these studies were generally higher than US reference values, and many studies identified adverse health effects associated with metals exposure. Evidence of exposure to metals in the pediatric population of these Emerging Market countries demonstrates a need for interventions to reduce exposure and efforts to establish country-specific reference values through surveillance or biomonitoring. The findings from review of these 10 countries also suggest the need for country-specific public health policies and clinician education in Emerging Markets.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

Horton

Mortensen

Iossifova

et al. 2013

International Journal of Pediatrics

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“…1). When these data are compared with BLLs determined by us among the newborns (11.4 lg/dL) in Lucknow during the year 2000 when leaded petrol was in practice (Srivastava et al, 2001) and 54% newborns then exceeded the intervention level. It appears that there is a decline in BLLs since unleaded petrol came into being in the region (ENVIS, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels in children of Lucknow, India

Ahamed

Verma

Kumar

et al. 2009

Environmental Toxicology

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After implementing measures to control lead pollution in many countries, blood lead levels (BLLs) in children have been declined. The phase-out of leaded petrol began in Lucknow, the capital of most populated state, Uttar Pradesh in India on April 1, 2000. We evaluated the mean BLL and associated risk factors for lead exposure in Lucknow children (3-12 years) after petrol lead phase-out activity. The mean BLL of the 200 children was 9.3 microg/dL (range: 1.0-27.9 microg/dL). Seventy-four children (37%) had BLL above the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) level of concern (10 microg/dL). When these data were compared with BLLs determined by the George Foundation among the children of Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Delhi during the year 1997 when leaded petrol was in use, where 62%, 62%, 87%, 96%, 43%, and 95%, respectively, then exceeded the CDC intervention level. Further, BLL of present study was very close to Mumbai children (age < or =12 years) estimated following the introduction of unleaded petrol, and 33% children had BLL above the CDC concern level with an average 8.4 microg/dL. Low socioeconomic status, proximity of home to traffic density, and mother's illiteracy were the factors associated with elevated BLLs in Lucknow children (P < 0.05). Overall, results indicate a declining trend of BLL in Lucknow children when compared with those reported from other cities of India when leaded petrol was in practice. A national population-based study is recommended to determine the prevalence of elevated BLLs after the phase-out of leaded-petrol. In addition, future studies on other sources of lead exposure in Lucknow are warranted for public health purposes.

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“…Considering the existing experimental and epidemiological data on lead toxicity and the occurrence of significant levels of lead in the blood of Indian subjects, especially children, prompted us to study if there is an association between lead and neurological diseases. [19][20][21][22] George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India. Cerebral palsy was defined as a non-progressive disorder of movement and posture.…”

Section: Selection Of Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative stress and neurological disorders in relation to blood lead levels in children

et al. 2008

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Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Free radical generation appears to be the mode of lead toxicity. We evaluated the effects of blood lead levels on oxidative stress parameters in children suffering from neurological disorders. Thirty children (aged 3-12 years) with neurological disorders (cerebral palsy [n = 12], seizures [n = 11], and encephalopathy [n = 7]) were recruited in the study group. Sixty healthy children (aged 3-12 years) from similar socio-economic environments and not suffering from any chronic disease were taken as the controls. Blood lead levels and oxidant/antioxidant status were determined. Mean blood lead level was significantly higher while delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (delta-ALAD) activity, a biomarker for lead exposure, was significantly lower in the study group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05 for each). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an end-product of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher while the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels were significantly lower in the study group as compared to the control group (P < 0.05 for each). Activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly higher in the study group than those of the control group (P < 0.05 for each). There were significant negative correlations of blood lead levels with delta-ALAD (r = -0.35; P < 0.05) and GSH (r = -0.31; P < 0.05), and positive correlations with MDA (r = 0.37; P < 0.05), SOD (r = 0.53; P < 0.05), and CAT (r = 0.31; P < 0.05). In turn, delta-ALAD had significant negative correlations with MDA (r = -0.29; P < 0.05), SOD (r = -0.28; P < 0.05) and CAT (r = -0.34; P < 0.05), but positive correlation with GSH (r = 0.32; P < 0.05). Although a causal pathway can not be determined from the present study, our findings indicate lead-induced oxidative stress in blood of children with neurological disorders. Lead-induced oxidative stress as an underlying mechanism for neurological diseases in children warranted further investigation.

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Blood Lead and Zinc in Pregnant Women and their Offspring in Intrauterine Growth Retardation Cases

Cited by 43 publications

References 19 publications

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

Blood lead levels in children of Lucknow, India

Oxidative stress and neurological disorders in relation to blood lead levels in children

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