Blood Lead Levels in Children in South Central Los Angeles

Rothenberg, Stephen J.; Williams, Freddie A.; Delrahim, S.; Khan, Fahad; Kraft, Michaël E.; Lu, Minhui; Manalo, Mario; Sánchez, María del Carmen Galdós; Wooten, Daniel J.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1996.9934426

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our study confirms the relationship between maternal and cord blood levels, related to lead passive diffusion through the placenta [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][13][14][15][16][17][18], so that it is possible to calcu-late the neonatal blood lead level from the maternal level ( fig. 1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Anyway, data concerning prenatal lead exposure and neonatal blood lead levels greatly differ according to the place of the study [9][10][11], so that we decided to evaluate blood lead levels in a cohort of pregnant women from Bari, a 500,000-people metropolitan area in the south of Italy, 1-3 days before delivery and in their newborns at birth (cord blood sample).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maternal and Neonatal Lead Exposure in Southern Italy

Carbone

Laforgia²,

Crollo³

et al. 1998

Neonatology

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We evaluated the blood lead levels in 159 pregnant women and in their healthy newborns at birth. The blood lead levels were higher in mothers as compared with neonates, with a linear correlation between maternal and neonatal levels. The blood lead levels were also higher in neonates as compared with infants aged 6–12 months, and, besides, 2.5% of the newborns had blood lead levels >10 µg/dl, the actual level of concern according to the Center for Disease Control. The study of blood and urinary lead levels during the 1st week of life showed a steady decrease of blood lead levels, together with increasing levels of urinary lead. The mechanism of renal elimination is important to avoid persistently high free blood lead levels, with possible deposition in tissues with high lead affinity, such as bone. In newborns, the possibility of a functional renal insufficiency during the first days of life suggests that newborns with high cord blood lead levels and impaired renal function could be at high risk of lead toxicity, so that it could be advisable to perform a careful and prolonged follow-up.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal and Neonatal Lead Exposure in Southern Italy

Carbone

Laforgia²,

Crollo³

et al. 1998

Neonatology

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“…Average monthly BPb of children from urban areas tends to increase significantly in summer months (Billick et al 1979; Blatt and Weinberger 1993; Haley and Talbot 2004; Hayes et al 1994; Hunter 1977; Hwang and Wang 1990; Johnson and Bretsch 2002; Johnson et al 1996; Kimbrough et al 1994; Marrero et al 1983; Mielke and Reagan 1998; Rabinowitz and Needleman 1982; Rothenberg et al 1996; Stark et al 1980; U.S. EPA 1995, 1996; Yiin et al 2000).…”

Section: Seasonal Changes In Bpb Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality and Children’s Blood Lead Levels: Developing a Predictive Model Using Climatic Variables and Blood Lead Data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York, and New Orleans, Louisiana (USA)

Laidlaw

Mielke

Filippelli

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

198

117

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On a community basis, urban soil contains a potentially large reservoir of accumulated lead. This study was undertaken to explore the temporal relationship between pediatric blood lead (BPb), weather, soil moisture, and dust in Indianapolis, Indiana; Syracuse, New York; and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Indianapolis, Syracuse, and New Orleans pediatric BPb data were obtained from databases of 15,969, 14,467, and 2,295 screenings, respectively, collected between December 1999 and November 2002, January 1994 and March 1998, and January 1998 and May 2003, respectively. These average monthly child BPb levels were regressed against several independent variables: average monthly soil moisture, particulate matter < 10 μm in diameter (PM10), wind speed, and temperature. Of temporal variation in urban children’s BPb, 87% in Indianapolis (R2 = 0.87, p = 0.0004), 61% in Syracuse (R2 = 0.61, p = 0.0012), and 59% in New Orleans (R2 = 0.59, p = 0.0000078) are explained by these variables. A conceptual model of urban Pb poisoning is suggested: When temperature is high and evapotranspiration maximized, soil moisture decreases and soil dust is deposited. Under these combined weather conditions, Pb-enriched PM10 dust disperses in the urban environment and causes elevated Pb dust loading. Thus, seasonal variation of children’s Pb exposure is probably caused by inhalation and ingestion of Pb brought about by the effect of weather on soils and the resulting fluctuation in Pb loading.

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“…Because of declining concentrations of lead in industry and the environment in several countries, [10][11][12][13][14] it has become a public health priority to obtain knowledge on male reproductive toxicity of inorganic lead at low levels of exposure and to establish lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL), if any. Studies in rabbits indicate the existence of LOAEL for several indicators of testicular function, 9 but the available human data do not allow quantitative exposure-response analyses of the low exposure range.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels

Bonde

2002

Occup Environ Med

176

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Objectives: To obtain knowledge on male reproductive toxicity of inorganic lead at current European exposure levels and to establish lowest adverse effect levels, if any. Methods: A cross sectional survey of the semen of 503 men employed by 10 companies was conducted in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Belgium. The mean blood lead concentration was 31.0 µg/dl (range 4.6-64.5) in 362 workers exposed to lead and 4.4 µg/dl (range below the detection limit of 19.8) in 141 reference workers. Semen volume and sperm concentration were determined in a fresh semen sample according to an agreed protocol subject to quality assurance. The sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) was performed at a centralised laboratory. Extraneous determinants including centre, period of sexual abstinence, and age were taken into account in the statistical analysis. If appropriate, possible thresholds were examined by iterative threshold slope linear regression. Results: The median sperm concentration was reduced by 49% in men with blood lead concentration above 50 µg/dl. There was no indication of a linear trend of lower sperm concentration with increasing blood lead values, but threshold slope least square regression identified a blood lead concentration of 44 µg/dl (β=−0.037, F=4.35, p=0.038) as a likely threshold. Abnormal sperm chromatin structure was not related to blood lead concentration, but some indications of deterioration of sperm chromatin was found in men with the highest concentrations of lead within spermatozoa. Biological monitoring data did not indicate long term effects of lead on semen quantity or sperm chromatin. Conclusion: Adverse effects of lead on sperm concentration and susceptibility to acid induced denaturation of sperm chromatin are unlikely at blood lead concentrations below 45 µg/dl. Effects of low level exposure to lead on other measures of testicular function cannot be ruled out. S everal occupational surveys have linked exposure to inorganic lead with reduced sperm count and other signs of male reproductive toxicity, 1-6 although these findings were not corroborated in a recent South African study. 7 Most effects have been reported in men with blood lead concentrations above current regulatory thresholds of 50-60 µg/dl. 4The evidence in humans is supported by compelling evidence in mice, rats, and rabbits.8 9 The mechanism of male reproductive toxicity has not been characterised in any detail. It is not known whether the main mode of action is disruption of the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis, direct toxicity to the seminiferous tubules, or both.Because of declining concentrations of lead in industry and the environment in several countries, 10-14 it has become a public health priority to obtain knowledge on male reproductive toxicity of inorganic lead at low levels of exposure and to establish lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL), if any. Studies in rabbits indicate the existence of LOAEL for several indicators of testicular function, 9 but the available human data do not allow quantitative ex...

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Blood Lead Levels in Children in South Central Los Angeles

Cited by 39 publications

References 18 publications

Maternal and Neonatal Lead Exposure in Southern Italy

Maternal and Neonatal Lead Exposure in Southern Italy

Seasonality and Children’s Blood Lead Levels: Developing a Predictive Model Using Climatic Variables and Blood Lead Data from Indianapolis, Indiana, Syracuse, New York, and New Orleans, Louisiana (USA)

Sperm count and chromatin structure in men exposed to inorganic lead: lowest adverse effect levels

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