Blood lead levels in pregnant women of high and low socioeconomic status in Mexico City.

Farías, Paulina; Borja-Aburto, Víctor Hugo; Rı́os, Camilo; Hertz‐Picciotto, Irva; Rojas-Lopez, Magdalena; Chávez-Ayala, Rubén

doi:10.1289/ehp.961041070

Cited by 57 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Seasonal variations in blood Pb levels have been observed in venous blood of adults and children (Farias et al, 1996;Laidlaw et al, 2005). In venous blood of 513 pregnant women of Mexico City (where climate and nutrition are quite different from Belgium): higher levels were measured during fall and winter, compared to spring and summer (Farias et al, 1996).…”

Section: Determinants Of Pollutant Levels In Cord Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002–2006)

Koppen

Hond

Nelen

et al. 2009

Environment International

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oTo collect regional information on internal levels of pollutants in humans in Flanders, 1196 mother-child pairs were systematically recruited in 2002-2003 via 25 maternities across Flanders. Cd, Pb, PCB congeners 118, 170, 138, 153 and 180, p,p′-DDE -a key metabolite of DDT-and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were measured in cord blood or plasma. Cd was detected in 64% of the samples (geometric mean 0.21 µg/L cord blood). p,p′-DDE (110 ng/g plasma lipids) and Pb (14.7 µg/L blood), were measurable in nearly all samples. The individual PCB congeners could be detected in 40 to 81% of the newborns (138 + 153 + 180 = 64.4 ng/g plasma lipids). HCB (18.9 ng/g plasma lipids) and dioxin-like compounds measured by DR-CALUX® (23 pg CALUX-TEQ/g lipids) were above detection limit in more than 75% of the samples. Age and smoking habits of the mothers, did not influence the cord blood Pb and Cd levels. The organochlorines increased 4 to 9% per year of the mother's age (partial R 2 = 0.05 to 0.22). Mothers had 2.6% less PCBs in cord blood (partial R 2 = 0.02) for each unit increase in pre-pregnancy BMI. Season of delivery, breastfeeding previous children or consumption of local dairy products, were minor determinants. Up to 20% of the variability in organochlorine concentrations was explained by residence area. It was concluded that the place of birth in Flanders is an important determinant of the load of pollutants measured at the start of life. This underlines the validity of human biomonitoring on (relatively) small geographical scale.

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Section: Determinants Of Pollutant Levels In Cord Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002–2006)

Koppen

Hond

Nelen

et al. 2009

Environment International

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“…Thus, these agents may have the additional benefit of preventing increases in BPb levels commonly seen in these life stages. During pregnancy, calcium supplementation is associated with lower BPb levels (22)(23)(24), although calcium given alone has not been proven to reverse the loss of bone mineral density during pregnancy (24) or in postmenopausal subjects (25). In menopausal women, antiresorptive agents such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and bisphosphonates are capable of preventing loss of bone density (20,25,26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Gulson

Mizon

Smith

et al. 2002

Environ Health Perspect

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Exposure to lead is still an international public health problem, despite major reductions in its use in industrial processes in developed countries (1). The neurotoxic effects of lead in the fetus, neonate, and infant are well recognized (2). The main reservoir of lead within the body is the skeleton and, until recently, lead was considered to be relatively immobile in this compartment. Recent studies using the stable lead isotope fingerprinting method in nonhuman primates (3,4) as well as in humans (5,6) indicate that lead, like calcium, is mobilized from the maternal skeleton and transferred to the fetus and neonate during pregnancy and lactation. Other times of physiologic stress that could result in additional release of lead from the skeleton include menopause (7). In a preliminary assessment of data from the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III), higher blood lead (BPb) levels were observed in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women (3.9 vs. 2.6 µg/dL), consistent with the increased bone turnover that occurs during the hormonal changes of menopause. Moreover, higher BPb levels were associated with lower bone density in perimenopausal women (8). Similar relationships in BPb and menopause were noted earlier (9). In a study of 903 women 35-64 years of age from Mexico City, the highest BPb levels were observed in women 47-50 years of age, with a mean difference between pre-and postmenopausal women of 0.76 µg/dL (10). These higher blood levels could have significant health implications because increased BPb levels in adults have been correlated with hypertension (11-16), decreased renal function (17), impaired neurocognitive function (18), and Alzheimer disease (19).Antiresorptive agents that inhibit resorption in the bone remodeling process may reduce or even reverse the demineralization process documented during pregnancy and lactation, observed in perimenopausal women (20), and seen in men and women with corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis (21). Thus, these agents may have the additional benefit of preventing increases in BPb levels commonly seen in these life stages. During pregnancy, calcium supplementation is associated with lower BPb levels (22-24), although calcium given alone has not been proven to reverse the loss of bone mineral density during pregnancy (24) or in postmenopausal subjects (25). In menopausal women, antiresorptive agents such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and bisphosphonates are capable of preventing loss of bone density (20,25,26). Postmenopausal women taking HRT have been observed to have significantly higher cortical bone lead concentrations than those not taking HRT (27). To our knowledge there have been no prospective studies to document the effect of antiresorptive agents on BPb levels in healthy adults.We performed a pilot study of the effect of a potent bisphosphonate (alendronate) administered over a 6-month period on BPb levels and other markers of bone turnover in healthy pre-and postmenopausal women and men. The aim of this s...

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“…Among nonHispanic black 3-5-year-old children, the prevalence of blood lead levels of 10 pig/dl was 20.0% compared with 3.7% among non-Hispanic children (34). Nutritional status for minerals (especially low-calcium and low-iron status), quantity and type of macronutrients (e.g., high-fat intake), and less than adequate overall food intakes have been found to increase lead absorption [for a review, see Mahaffey (35) (32), and recently identified as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels among pregnant women in Mexico City (38).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary lead intakes for mother/child pairs and relevance to pharmacokinetic models.

Gulson

Mahaffey

Vidal

et al. 1997

Environ Health Perspect

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Blood and environmental samples, including a quarterly 6-day duplicate diet, for nine mother/child pairs between the mothers and their children i overall contribution of tissue lead to blood lead. Results from this study sugst that fractioxia absorption of ingested lead by child 6-11 years of age is cmpable with absorption patterns observed among adult females in the 29-37-year-old age rang. Because p kinetic models apply a 40-50% absorpion even for 7-year-old children, firther iniions on fractional absotption of ingested lead by young children are warnted. Further investigaons aree ally needed in younger children than those who were subjects in the current study, particuarl idren in the 1-3-year-old age range. In addition, the effect of nutritional status and patterin of food intake on children's lead absrpton requaire inestigdton, par ly the increased prevalence of marginal nutrtional status among low-income populations that are at increased risk of elevated blood lead levels.

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Blood lead levels in pregnant women of high and low socioeconomic status in Mexico City.

Cited by 57 publications

References 17 publications

Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002–2006)

Organochlorine and heavy metals in newborns: Results from the Flemish Environment and Health Survey (FLEHS 2002–2006)

Skeletal lead release during bone resorption: effect of bisphosphonate treatment in a pilot study.

Dietary lead intakes for mother/child pairs and relevance to pharmacokinetic models.

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