Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

Ponzo, Valentina; Ganzit, Gian Pasquale; Soldati, Laura; Carli, Luca De; Fanzola, Ilaria; Maiandi, Maria; Durazzo, Marilena; Bo, Simona

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.9

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In Australia, a study extracting dietary patterns of adolescents showed that participants with high scores of a Western dietary pattern, including sweet and salty snacks, were significantly associated with a greater risk of MetS (14). In our study, in particular salty snack consumption was positively associated with hypertension, even after controlling for BMI, results supported by observational and interventional studies showing that higher intakes of salt increase hypertension (13,15).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…A positive association between blood pressure and the frequency of consumption of salty snack foods was found with 50% of daily salt intake from salty snacks (13). Middle-school Italian adolescents also showed higher prevalence of overweight and obesity with higher frequencies and calorie intakes of daily snacks (7), findings in contrast to those among Greek adolescents with an average consumption of 90 g/d snacks, showing no significant association with MetS (8).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Studies conducted in pediatrics investigating the relationship between dietary snacks and cardiometabolic risk factors are limited and their results are debatable (7-9,13); some indicate that snacks are associated with unfavorable cardiovascular disease risk factors (7,13), while others failed to establish any correlation or showed inverse correlations (8,9). A positive association between blood pressure and the frequency of consumption of salty snack foods was found with 50% of daily salt intake from salty snacks (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of metabolic syndrome by a high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks in Iranian children and adolescents

et al. 2015

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Background: Our aim was to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snacks intakes during 3.6 y of follow-up among children and adolescents. Method: This population-based longitudinal study was conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, on 424 MetS free subjects, aged 6-18 y. Data on consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snacks, sweet and salty snacks, were collected at baseline (2006)(2007)(2008). Logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, physical activity, dietary fiber, family history of diabetes, and body mass index, was used to assess the relationship between snacks and incident MetS. results: After adjustment for confounders, compared with the lowest quartile of total energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snacks, odds ratio of incident MetS in the highest quartile was 3.04 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11-8.49); for sweet snacks this was 2.88 (95% CI: 1.00-8.32), and for salty ones it was 2.85 (95% CI: 1.09-7.43). The risk of incident hypertension in the highest, compared with the lowest quartile of total and salty snacks, was 2.99 (95% CI: 1.00-8.93) and 3.35 (95% CI: 1.10-10.17), respectively. conclusion: Energy-dense nutrient-poor solid snacks, both salty and sweet, may have undesirable effects on the incidence of MetS, with salty snacks having the potential to increase risk of incident hypertension in children and adolescents as well. c hildren and adolescents with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at increased risk of many clinical conditions in adulthood, including chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain forms of cancer (1). According to the International Diabetes Federation, the global prevalence of MetS in children is increasing (2), which has been attributed mainly to nutrition transition, i.e., a shift of dietary habits from the traditional, toward a more Western way of life (3). Major changes in snacking patterns have been observed, highlighting the marked increase in the contribution of snacks to total energy and saturated fat intake, in particular among children and adolescents (4).Snacking patterns are usually identified based on the type of snack or the time when the snack was eaten (5). A recent review of current evidence on snack consumption and weight status reported data available to the controversial due to use of different definitions for snacking patterns and types of food that constituted snacks (4). According to their type, snack foods are categorized into two food groups, including energydense nutrient-poor (e.g., potato chips, chocolates, cakes, or biscuits) and low-energy high-nutrient (e.g., fruit or milk) snacks (6). Based on the snacking definition, energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks were associated with increased risk of obesity (7), whereas, in adolescents from Greece, no relationship was found between different levels of consumption and MetS and cardiovas...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prediction of metabolic syndrome by a high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks in Iranian children and adolescents

et al. 2015

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“…Summary. Ponzo and colleagues 23 examined the association between BP and overall sodium intake and sodium from processed snacks in a cross‐sectional study of 1200 Italian adolescents (aged 11–13 years) who were randomly selected from 6876 children participating in a school‐based health examination . All patients completed a 19‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that assessed snack consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of Salt and Health Outcomes (June and July 2015)

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Wong

Trieu

et al. 2015

J of Clinical Hypertension

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“…To our knowledge, there is no other study in children considering the relationship between BP and EDSF CF. One Italian study found high sodium snacks to be positively associated with SBP and DBP in adolescents [36]. However, Julián-Almarcegui et al, showed that snack consumption was associated with increased SBP and MAP, and not with DBP [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Energy Dense Salty Food Consumption Frequency Is Associated with Diastolic Hypertension in Spanish Children

et al. 2020

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High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and sodium consumption is related to high BP. Moreover, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) influence BP. For this reason, we investigated whether: 1) children with risk of elevated BP had a higher consumption frequency (CF) of energy-dense salty foods (EDSF), high-sugary foods (HSF) and SSB or a low DASH score; and 2) children with a higher CF of EDSF showed a worse anthropometric and metabolic profile. Anthropometry, BP and general biochemical parameters were measured in 687 Spanish children (5-16 years) with normal or excess weight. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate EDSF, HSF and SSB consumption, and modified DASH score. Results showed that sex and pubertal stage influenced modified DASH score. Diastolic hypertension was associated to higher CF of EDSF in the whole sample and to higher CF of SSB in pubertal children, both independently of nutritional status. In addition, CF of EDSF was positively associated with CF of HSF and SSB and inversely associated with modified DASH score. Targeted policies and intervention programs, specific for different age ranges, should be established that aim to reduce salt consumption from snacks and processed foods, which could reduce HSF and SSB consumption as well.

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Blood pressure and sodium intake from snacks in adolescents

Abstract: Background/objectives: The relationship between sodium intake and arterial blood pressure (BP)

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Prediction of metabolic syndrome by a high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks in Iranian children and adolescents

Prediction of metabolic syndrome by a high intake of energy-dense nutrient-poor snacks in Iranian children and adolescents

The Science of Salt: A Regularly Updated Systematic Review of Salt and Health Outcomes (June and July 2015)

Energy Dense Salty Food Consumption Frequency Is Associated with Diastolic Hypertension in Spanish Children

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