Blood Pressure Differences Between Northern and Southern Chinese: Role of Dietary Factors

Zhao, Liancheng; Stamler, Jeremiah; Yan, Lijing L.; Zhou, Beifan; Wu, Yangfeng; Liu, Kiang; Daviglus, Martha L.; Dennis, Barbara; Elliott, Paul; Ueshima, Hirotsugu; Ju-hua, Yang; Zhu, Ling; Guo, Dongshuang

doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000128243.06502.bc

Cited by 159 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Zhao et al 37 reported significant effects of dietary factors, including salt intake, on blood pressure differences between Chinese in the north (higher salt intake) and in the south (lower salt intake). As a limitation of the study, salt intake was not measured and thus cannot be adjusted; however, individual adjustment on a population factor can only have a limited effect within the same population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide linkage and association scans for pulse pressure in Chinese twins

Zhang

Pang

et al. 2012

Hypertens Res

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Elevated pulse pressure (PP) is associated with cardiovascular disorders and mortality in various populations. The genetic influence on PP has been confirmed by heritability estimates using related individuals. Recently, efforts have been made by mapping genes that are linked to the phenotype. We report the results of our gene mapping studies conducted in the Chinese population in mainland China. The genome-wide linkage and association scans were carried out on 63 middle-aged dizygotic twin pairs using high-density markers. The linkage analysis identified three significant linkage peaks (all with a single point Po1e À05 ) on chromosome 11 (LOD core 4.06 at 30.5 cM), chromosome 12 (LOD score 3.97 at 100.7 cM) and chromosome 18 (LOD score 4.01 at 70.7 cM), with the last two peaks closely overlapping with linkage peaks reported by two American studies. Multiple regions with suggestive linkages were identified, with many of the peaks overlapping with published linkage regions. The genome-wide association analysis detected a suggestive association on chromosome 4 (rs17031508, Po8.34e À08 ) located within a wide region of suggestive linkage. Our results provide some evidence for genetic linkages and associations with PP in the Chinese population. Further investigation is warranted to replicate the findings and to explore the susceptibility loci or genes for PP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide linkage and association scans for pulse pressure in Chinese twins

Zhang

Pang

et al. 2012

Hypertens Res

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“…2 In Japan, the population-attributable fraction of hypertension for all-cause mortality is reported to be approximately 20%. 3 The findings of the INTERSALT and INTERMAP studies indicated a positive association between salt intake and blood pressure in multiethnic populations, [4][5][6][7] and evidence from randomized controlled trials has shown that a low sodium diet reduces blood pressure. [8][9][10] Although public health recommendations in most developed countries suggest reducing salt intake to 5-6 g day À1 , 11 the average salt intake in Japan is still higher than the recommendations (10.8 g day À1 , according to a national health and nutrition survey in 2006 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The taste of salt measured by a simple test and blood pressure in Japanese women and men

et al. 2009

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Salt intake is an important risk factor for hypertension. Because it has been reported that increased salt intake dulls the taste of salt, measuring the sense of taste might be a good way of identifying individuals who consume excessive salt. Using a recently developed simple salt taste test, we investigated the relationship between the taste of salt and blood pressure. The subjects in this cross-sectional study were 823 Japanese adults (479 women and 344 men) 40 years old or older. Following a taste test with salt-impregnated taste strips, the subjects were divided into two groups: normal (recognition threshold of salt at o1.0% concentration) and taste impaired (X1.0%). We determined hypertension from the measured blood pressure. In women, the multi-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension in the impaired group was 2.47 (1.53-3.99) compared with the normal group, whereas no significant difference was observed between the two male groups. When we excluded subjects with moderate and severe hypertension, similar findings were observed. A sub-analysis of couples living alone showed a higher prevalence of hypertension among men whose wives were in the impairment group (58.8%) than in the normal group (36.7%, P¼0.10). In conclusion, the taste of salt is associated with blood pressure in Japanese women, but not in men. Because most family meals in Japan are prepared by women, educating women about salt reduction may contribute to the prevention of hypertension, not only among women but also among their husbands and family members.

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“…It is striking that blood pressures are markedly higher in North than South China. 4,5 Etiology of high blood pressure…”

Section: Blood Pressures In East Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 There is also evidence that 24 h urinary Na þ excretion and Na þ /K þ ratios are strongly associated with blood pressure in East Asians. 5 …”

Section: Blood Pressures In East Asiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of blood pressure in East Asia

Harrison

Marshall

2005

J Hum Hypertens

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Although the majority of publications on the epidemiology of hypertension are on North American and European populations, high blood pressure and its health consequences are worldwide phenomena. For several reasons, good epidemiological data on blood pressure in the population are essential to understanding high blood pressure.Firstly, epidemiological studies inform our understanding of the extent of the problem. What are mean blood pressures in a population? How many individuals are likely to require treatment for hypertension? An understanding of the extent of the problem is essential if we are to plan and develop health services to deal with the clinical needs that are associated with high blood pressure. This includes the management of hypertension, the treatment of stroke and the treatment of cardiovascular disease.Secondly, epidemiological monitoring can tell us whether blood pressures in a given population are increasing or decreasing. Alongside demographic data this information gives us a picture of where we are going in terms of health service needs. Rising average blood pressures in a population mean that greater numbers of persons will need treatment for hypertension. It also means that there are likely to be more cardiovascular diseases to treat in the future. This is particularly true if other risk factors are changing in the population, for example if the population is ageing, smoking is on the increase or average cholesterol levels are rising.Thirdly, such data are important if we are to understand what factors cause high blood pressure. This includes both the proximal factors -such as obesity or salt intake -and the distal factors -such as socio-economic or cultural conditions that influence diet and lifestyle -which underlie the proximal factors. In the long term, insight into the causes of high blood pressure offers the best chance of informing policies that will reduce average blood pressures in the population as a whole.There are many potential sources of bias in population surveys of blood pressure. Efforts must be made to ensure the sample is representative of the population as a whole. The measurement technique must be highly standardised: even small differences in measurement technique can make important differences in the mean blood pressures in a population survey. Minh et al.'s 1 paper on the prevalence and socio-economic determinants of hypertension in a rural population in Vietnam goes some way towards minimising these sources of bias. As a result of this it is an important contribution to our understanding of blood pressure in South East Asian populations. Vietnam is a country of some 80 million people (about the same population as Germany), yet there are few epidemiological studies of its people's blood pressure. Their study found lower mean blood pressures than in Western Europe and a lower prevalence of hypertension in farmers than other workers. Few of those that were hypertensive were on treatment. The findings of the study are valuable both as a description of the epidemiology...

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Blood Pressure Differences Between Northern and Southern Chinese: Role of Dietary Factors

Cited by 159 publications

References 24 publications

Genome-wide linkage and association scans for pulse pressure in Chinese twins

Genome-wide linkage and association scans for pulse pressure in Chinese twins

The taste of salt measured by a simple test and blood pressure in Japanese women and men

The epidemiology of blood pressure in East Asia

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