Blood Pressure Readings of 75,258 University Students

Boynton, Ruth E.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1947.00220160033003

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…83 Sex differences in blood pressure, like many cardiovascular features, originate during adolescence with persistently higher systolic and diastolic pressures observed in males. 84, 85 Additionally, sex differences are also observed in pulmonary hypertension which progressively leads to right heart failure with women being at greater risk than men. 86 The review by Mair et al (2014) 86 provides an in depth account for these differences as it is beyond the scope of this article to discuss pulmonary hypertension.…”

Section: Animal Models Of Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Biological Sex and Estrogen in Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Blenck

Harvey

Reckelhoff

et al. 2016

Circulation Research

161

131

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Nearly one-third of deaths in the United States are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) each year. In the past, CVD was thought to mainly affect men leading to the exclusion of women and female animals from clinical studies and preclinical research. In light of sexual dimorphisms in CVD, a need exists to examine baseline cardiac differences in humans and the animals used to model CVD. In humans, sex differences are apparent at every level of cardiovascular physiology from action potential duration and mitochondrial energetics to cardiac myocyte and whole heart contractile function. Biological sex is an important modifier of the development of CVD with younger women generally being protected, but this cardioprotection is lost later in life, suggesting a role for estrogen. While endogenous estrogen is most likely a mediator of the observed functional differences in both health and disease, the signaling mechanisms involved are complex and are not yet fully understood. To investigate how sex modulates CVD development, animal models are essential tools and should be useful in the development of therapeutics. This review will focus on describing the cardiovascular sexual dimorphisms that exist both physiologically as well as in common animal models of CVD.

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Section: Animal Models Of Cardiovascular Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Biological Sex and Estrogen in Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Blenck

Harvey

Reckelhoff

et al. 2016

Circulation Research

161

131

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“…It was first reported in 1947 that healthy, college-aged men have a significantly higher BP than age-matched healthy women 11 . These findings were confirmed by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in the 1970s by the Centers for Disease Control which demonstrated that sex differences in BP began in adolescences between the ages of 12 and 17 12 ; sex differences in BP were not detected in children ages 6 to 12.…”

Section: There Are Sex and Gender Differences In Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in T Cells in Hypertension

Tipton

Sullivan

2014

Clinical Therapeutics

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Purpose Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, stroke and end-organ damage. There is a sex difference in blood pressure (BP) that begins in adolescence and continues into adulthood, where men have a higher prevalence of hypertension compared to women until the sixth decade of life. Less than 50% of hypertensive adults in the United States taking medication manage to control their BP to recommended levels using current therapeutic options, and women are more likely than men to have uncontrolled high BP. This is despite the fact that more women compared to men are aware that they have hypertension and women are more likely to seek treatment for the disease. Novel therapeutic targets need to be identified in both sexes to increase the percentage of hypertensive individuals with controlled BP. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature on the role of T cells in BP control in both sexes, and the potential therapeutic application/implications of targeting immune cells in hypertension. Methods A search of PUBMED was conducted to determine the impact of sex and gender on T cell-mediated control of BP. The search terms included sex, gender, estrogen, testosterone, inflammation, T cells, T regulatory cells, Th17 cells, hypertension and blood pressure. Additional data were included from our laboratory examining cytokine expression in the kidney of male and female SHR and differential genes expression in both the renal cortex and mesenteric arterial bed of male and female SHR. Findings There is a growing basic science literature regarding the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension and BP control, however, the majority of this literature has been performed exclusively in males despite the fact that both men and women develop hypertension. There is increasing evidence that while T cells also mediate BP in females, there are distinct differences in both the T cell profile and the functional impact of “male” vs. “female” T cells on cardiovascular health, although more work is needed to better define the relative impact of different T cell subtypes on BP in both sexes. Implications The challenge now is to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system regulates BP and how the different components of the immune system interact so that specific mechanisms can be targeted therapeutically without compromising natural immune defenses.

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“…Em diversos estudos que se tornaram clássicos (ALVAREZ, 1923;DIEHL & SUTHERLAND, 1925;BOYNTON & TODD, 1947;MIALL & OLDHAM, 1955E 1963BOE et alii, 1957;DOYLE & LOVELL, 1961 e outros), constatouse que grupos de jovens de 16 a 25 anos apresentavam pressão mais elevada que os de 30 e semelhantes aos de 40 anos. A comparação dos valores referentes aos jovens e mais velhos, neste estudo, confirmam tais observações, razão de não causar surpresa o baixo valor da pressão do grupo feminino de 30 a 34 anos.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Pressão Arterial Em Função Do Sexo, Idade E Largura Do Manguito

Arcuri¹,

Santos²,

Silva³

1989

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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Neste estudo medidas indiretas da pressão arterial foram comparadas, usando-se manguito de largura correta versus o de largura padrão, em 1000pes-soas. O manguito de largura correta, apropriada à circunferência do braço, foi escolhido segundo as recomendações da American Heart Association. Os resultados evidenciaram inadequação do manguito padrão na população estudada, tomando-se excessivamente largo na maioria dos braços; resultando em importante hipoestimação dos valores de pressão arterial, sobretudo nos adultos jovens, sexo feminino, e magros. Tais achados levantam a hipótese de que o uso do manguito padrão possa prejudicar o diagnóstico precoce da hipertensão arterial. UNITERMOS: Hipertensão. Medida da pressão arterial. INTRODUÇÃOEmbora a pressão arterial (PA) seja um importante indicador das condições de saúde da população, esse parâmetro vem sendo avaliado imprecisamente por medidas indiretas (extrarteriais), conforme observado por Von Recklinghausen já em 1901. O problema persiste nos dias atuais, quando se caminha para a última década do século, tendo bem caracterizado FREIS & SAPPINGTON (1968) ao afirmarem que "não apenas as bases físicas da pressão arterial como também os meios para avaliá-la são pobremente conhecidos". O aspecto crucial da medida da pressão reside no fato de que existe uma relação entre a circunferência do braço e a largura do manguito (bolsa de borracha contida no esfigmomanômetro), que é 0,38, significando que o manguito ideal ou de largura correta (MLC) deva ser 20% maior que o diâmetro do braço.

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Blood Pressure Readings of 75,258 University Students

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

The Importance of Biological Sex and Estrogen in Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Health and Disease

The Importance of Biological Sex and Estrogen in Rodent Models of Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Sex Differences in T Cells in Hypertension

Pressão Arterial Em Função Do Sexo, Idade E Largura Do Manguito

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