Blood Pressure Studies in Rural and Urban Western Samoa

Zimmet, Paul; Taylor, Richard; Jackson, Livia; Whitehouse, S.; Faaivaso, S.; Ainuu, J.

doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1980.tb112195.x

Cited by 37 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This is consistent with analyses of CVD risk factors in Samoa over the past 35 years including hypertension, T2DM and obesity, which have shown a consistent increase [3, 14, 17]. The trends in daily tobacco smoking reported in the present study are the first to indicate a consistent and considerable decrease in a major CVD risk factor in the Samoan population during the past three decades.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades: can continued globalization rectify that which it has wrought?

Linhart

Naseri²,

Lin

et al. 2017

Global Health

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BackgroundThe island country of Samoa (population 188,000 in 2011) forms part of Polynesia in the South Pacific. Over the past several decades Samoa has experienced exceptional modernization and globalization of many sectors of society, with noncommunicable diseases (NCD) now the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The evolution of risk factor prevalence underpinning the increase in NCDs, however, has not been well described, including tobacco smoking which is related to cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.MethodsThe present study examines tobacco smoking in relation to different forms and effects of globalization in Samoa using 7 population-based surveys (n = 9223) over 1978–2013.ResultsThe prevalence of daily tobacco smoking steadily decreased over 1978–2013 from 76% to 36% in men, and from 27% to 15% in women (p < 0.0001 both sexes). During 1991–2013, current tobacco smoking also steadily decreased from 64% to 40% in men (p < 0.0001), and from 21% to 17% in women (p < 0.05). Declines were similar in younger (25–44 years) and older (45–64 years) men and women. Colonial globalization facilitated the introduction and prolific spread of tobacco trade and consumption in the Pacific Islands from the sixteenth century, with many populations inexorably pulled into trade relations and links to the global economy. It has also been a different globalization which may have led to the decline in smoking prevalence in Samoa in recent decades, through global dissemination since the 1950s of information on the harmful effects of tobacco smoking derived from research studies in the USA and Europe.ConclusionsOver the past 35 years tobacco smoking has steadily declined among Samoan adults; the only NCD risk factor to demonstrate marked declines during this period. By 2013 tobacco smoking in women had decreased to levels similar to Australia and New Zealand (ANZ), however in men smoking prevalence remained more than three times higher than ANZ. The impact on smoking prevalence of the variety of tobacco control interventions that have been implemented so far in Samoa need to be evaluated in order to determine the most effective initiatives that should be prioritized and strengthened.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades: can continued globalization rectify that which it has wrought?

Linhart

Naseri²,

Lin

et al. 2017

Global Health

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“…prevalence of obesity among the Polynesian islanders increased rapidlyfmmthemosttraditionalisland (Pukapuka), Degree of Acculturation to the rapidly modernizing population of Rarotonga, to the most urbanized population of Maoris (50). This biological Clear and consistent patterns of increasing prevalence phenomenon of increasing adiposity with increasing level of westernizationhas been suggested to be responsible, for the most part, for the high incidence of the so-called "Western" diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,stroke, andsomeformofcancer(3,28,3 1,48, 68,69).…”

Section: Sexual Dimorphismmentioning

confidence: 80%

Distribution of Anthropometric Variables and the Prevalence of Obesity in Populations of West African Origin: The International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks (ICSHIB)

et al. 1995

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Asurvey ofthe prevalenceof hypertension and associated risk factors including obesity was carried out among persons of West African heritage currently living in societies at different stages of socia1,economic and technological development. We present here the distribution of several anthropometric variables and the prevalence of obesityin these populations. Using astandardprotocolwih centralized training of field staff, 7 439 men and women aged 24 to 75 from six multinational sites were recruited andexamined. Althoughmenwere taUer,womenweremore obese across sites. Body mass index @MI) and consequentlytheprevalenceof overweight and obesity increased withwesternization from ruralAfricansubsistence farming communities to suburban Chicago. Average BMI increased with age until about age 54, and then began to decline or at least level off. The mean BMI for AfricanAmericanmenandwomenwas 27.1kg/m2 and 30.8 kg/m2, respectively. Men displayed high levels of centripetal fatness,measured as thewaist-to-hip ratio (WJ3R), compared to thewomen across site. Based on the US Depart-

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“…Research indicates that the prevalence and incidence of CVD and its concomitant risk factors have increased with economic development (McGarvey and Baker 1979; Zimmet et al 1980; Baker and Hanna 1981; McGarvey and Schendel 1986; McGarvey et al 1989; 1993; McGarvey 1991; 1992; Hodge et al 1994; Gershater and McGarvey 1995; Galanis et al 1999). While much of this increase has been attributed to changing diets and activity levels (McGarvey et al 1989; Galanis et al 1999; McGarvey 1999; DiBello et al 2009), there is growing evidence to suggest that changing patterns of psychosocial stress arousal also contribute to the increased risk of CVD (McGarvey and Baker 1979; James et al 1985; 1987; McGarvey and Schendel 1986; McGarvey 1992; 1999; Steele and McGarvey 1996; McDade 2003; Roberts et al 2004; Bitton et al 2006; Ezeamama et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and sociodemographic effects on urinary catecholamine excretion in adult Samoans

Bergey

Steele

Bereiter

et al. 2010

Annals of Human Biology

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Background Ecological and sociodemographic correlates of stress may contribute to cardiovascular disease risk in modernizing Samoans. Aim The effects of peri-urban vs rural residence, education, occupation, caffeine intake and cigarette consumption on urinary catecholamine excretion were studied in Samoan adults. Subjects and methods Five hundred and seven participants, aged 29–69 years, were randomly selected from nine villages throughout Samoa. Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaire. Epinephrine and norepinephrine excretion rates were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in overnight urine samples. Age (≤40 vs >40 years) and gender-specific regression models were estimated to detect associations with BMI-adjusted catecholamine excretion. Results Norepinephrine was significantly higher in peri-urban young men and older women. Epinephrine was significantly higher in peri-urban older men. Adjustment for caffeine attenuated the relationship between residence and norepinephrine in young women. Conclusion General residential exposure to modernization in urban villages is a significant correlate of increased overnight catecholamine excretion rates and is consistent with past studies. Caffeine consumption in younger women plays a complex role in stress-related catecholamine excretion. Further studies of individual level attitudinal and behavioural factors in Samoans are needed to understand psychosocial stress, physiologic arousal and health.

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Blood Pressure Studies in Rural and Urban Western Samoa

Cited by 37 publications

References 9 publications

Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades: can continued globalization rectify that which it has wrought?

Tobacco smoking trends in Samoa over four decades: can continued globalization rectify that which it has wrought?

Distribution of Anthropometric Variables and the Prevalence of Obesity in Populations of West African Origin: The International Collaborative Study on Hypertension in Blacks (ICSHIB)

Ecological and sociodemographic effects on urinary catecholamine excretion in adult Samoans

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