Blood Supply to the Integument of the Abdomen of the Rat: A Surgical Perspective

Casal, Diogo; Pais, Diogo; Iria, Inês; Videira, Paula A.; Mota-Silva, Eduarda; Alves, Sara; Mascarenhas-Lemos, Luís; Pen, Cláudia; Vassilenko, Valentina; Goyri-O’Neill, João

doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000001454

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In all animals, under a surgical operating microscope, a 5 cm long and 3 cm wide fasciocutaneous flap was raised on the left side of the rat’s abdomen 42 . Cranially, the flap was connected exclusively to the skeletonized lateral thoracic vein 46 . This vein was temporarily clamped.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BD-2 and BD-3 increase skin flap survival in a model of ischemia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Casal

Iria

Ramalho

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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The main aim of this work was to study the usefulness of human β-defensins 2 (BD-2) and 3 (BD-3), which are part of the innate immune system, in the treatment of infected ischemic skin flaps. We investigated the effect of transducing rat ischemic skin flaps with lentiviral vectors encoding human BD-2, BD-3, or both BD-2 and BD-3, to increase flap survival in the context of a P . aeruginosa infection associated with a foreign body. The secondary endpoints assessed were: bacterial counts, and biofilm formation on the surface of the foreign body. A local ischemic environment was created by producing arterialized venous flaps in the left epigastric region of rats. Flaps were intentionally infected by placing underneath them two catheters with 10 5 CFU of P . aeruginosa before the surgical wounds were hermetically closed. Flap biopsies were performed 3 and 7 days post-operatively, and the specimens submitted to immunohistochemical analysis for BD-2 and BD-3, as well as to bacterial quantification. Subsequently, the catheter segments were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Flaps transduced with BD-2 and BD-3 showed expression of these defensins and presented increased flap survival. Rats transduced with BD-3 presented a net reduction in the number of P . aeruginosa on the surface of the foreign body and lesser biofilm formation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BD-2 and BD-3 increase skin flap survival in a model of ischemia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

Casal

Iria

Ramalho

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Research shows that many rat flap models have been described, and most of them have a clinical equivalent. [ 9 10 11 ] As a reproducible experimental model, the epigastric flap in the rats still used not only for microvascular surgical training[ 12 13 14 15 ] but also simply as a research model for laboratory studies. Although several flow-through flaps have been developed and widely used in clinical practice, there is still no effective model to further explore the long-term viability of a large-scale tissue in vitro .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro Flow Perfusion Maintaining Long-term Viability of the Rat Groin Fat Flap

Nie

Qin

et al. 2018

Chinese Medical Journal

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Background:Large-scale muscle tissue engineering remains a major challenge. An axial vascular pedicle and perfusion bioreactor are necessary for the development and maintenance of large-scale engineered muscle to ensure circulation within the construct. We aimed to develop a novel experimental model of a large-scale engineered muscle flap from an existing rat groin fat flap.Methods:A fat flap based on the superficial inferior epigastric vascular pedicle was excised from rats and placed into a perfusion bioreactor. The flaps were kept in the bioreactor for up to 7 weeks, and transdifferentiation of adipose to muscle tissue could have taken place. This system enabled myogenic-differentiation medium flow through the bioreactor at constant pH and oxygen concentration. Assessment of viability was performed by an immunofluorescence assay, histological staining, a calcein-based live/dead test, and through determination of RNA quantity and quality after 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks.Results:Immunofluorescence staining showed that smooth muscle around vessels was still intact without signs of necrosis or atrophy. The visual assessment of viability by the calcein-based live/dead test revealed viability of the rat adipose tissue preserved in the bioreactor system with permanent perfusion. RNA samples from different experimental conditions were quantified by spectrophotometry, and intact bands of 18S and 28S rRNA were detected by gel electrophoresis, indicating that degradation of RNA was minimal.Conclusions:Flow perfusion maintains the long-term viability of a rat groin engineered muscle flap in vitro, and a large-scale vascularized muscle could be engineered in a perfusion bioreactor.

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“…By its nature, animal models still are necessary in surgical pathophysiology research, but they also have limitations when extrapolating results to humans. Epigastric adipocutaneous flap is an easy model; however, the rat vasculature shows similarities and differences as well, compared to human 15,[28][29][30][31] . In rats the angiosome of the inguinal region is supplied by the superficial inferior epigastric vessels.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of short-term ischemia on microcirculation and wound healing of adipocutaneous flaps in the rat

et al. 2019

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Blood Supply to the Integument of the Abdomen of the Rat: A Surgical Perspective

Abstract: Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Cited by 10 publications

References 46 publications

BD-2 and BD-3 increase skin flap survival in a model of ischemia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

BD-2 and BD-3 increase skin flap survival in a model of ischemia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection

In vitro Flow Perfusion Maintaining Long-term Viability of the Rat Groin Fat Flap

Effect of short-term ischemia on microcirculation and wound healing of adipocutaneous flaps in the rat

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